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21.
Norman J. Rosenberg 《Climatic change》1982,4(3):239-254
In a prior paper (Part I), the point was made that, assuming an unchanged climate, water use efficiency in agricultural crop
production will likely be favored by the increase in CO2 concentration projected to occur within the next half century. Since climatic changeis likely to result from the CO2 concentration increase, its possible impacts on agricultural productivity must also be considered. An attempt to do so, using
the Great Plains region of North America as a case study, is reported in this paper (Part II).
A number of climatic models predict significant increases in surface temperature. Manabe and Wetherald's (1980) model provides
the most specific projections for a hypothetical Northern hemisphere continent. That model also predicts an intensification
of the hydrologic cycle with rainfall distribution altered so that some zones will receive more and some less as a result
of a doubling in the atmospheric CO2 concentration. The zone between 37 and 47° N latitude will suffer a reduction in availability of soil moisture.
A number of regression models of grain yield as a function of temperature and precipitation have been used to anticipate the
impacts of the projected climatic changes. The value of this approach is questioned. An alternative approach - the study of
the migration of major agricultural crops across strong climatic gradients - is proposed. Changes in the geographical distribution
of the hard red winter wheat zone in North America provide an example. The point is also made that factorscurrently limiting food production must be considered in order to predict the possible impacts of any given climatic change. In the
central Great Plains today, the energy consumed by evapotranspiration often exceeds that supplied by net radiation since sensible
heat advection from dryer regions to the south and west provides a major additional input of energy. If, as models project,
the excess of precipitation over evaporation increases south of 37° N, the advection of sensible heat and, hence, the rates
of evapotranspiration and degree of water stress on growing plants could be reduced in the adjacent regions to the north.
Published as Paper No. 6123, Journal Series, Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station. The work reported was conducted under
Regional Research Project 11-033 and Nebraska Agricultural Station Project 11-049.
George Holmes Professor of Agricultural Meteorology, Center for Agricultural Meteorology and Climatology, Institute of Agriculture
and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68583-0728. 相似文献
22.
Dennis D. Baldocchi Shashi B. Verma Norman J. Rosenberg 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1983,25(1):43-54
Air flow was observed above and within canopies of a number of kinds of soybeans. The Clark cultivar and two isolines of the Harosoy cultivar were studied in 1979 and 1980, respectively. Wind speed above the canopy was measured with cup anemometers. Heated thermistor anemometers were used to measure air flow within the canopy. Above-canopy air flow was characterized in terms of the zero-plane displacement (d), roughness parameter (z o) and drag coefficient (C d). d and z o were dependent on canopy height but were independent of friction velocity in the range 0.55 to 0.75 m s?1 · C d for the various canopies ranged from 0.027 to 0.035. Greater C d values were measured over an erectophile canopy than over a planophile canopy. C d was not measurably affected by differences in leaf pubescence. Within-canopy wind profiles were measured at two locations: within and between rows. The wind profile was characterized by a region of great wind shear in the upper canopy and by a region of relatively weak wind shear in the middle canopy. Considerable spatial variability in wind speed was evident, however. This result has significant implications for canopy flow modeling efforts aimed at evaluating transport in the canopy. In the lower canopy, wind speed within a row increased with depth whereas wind speed between two rows decreased with depth. The wind speeds at the two locations tended to converge to a common value at a height near 0.10 m. The attenuation of within-canopy air flow was stronger in canopies with greater foliage density. Canopy flow attenuation seemed to decrease with increasing wind speed, suggesting that high winds distorted the shape of the canopy in such a manner that the penetration of wind into the canopy increased. 相似文献
23.
Oscar Escolero Luis E. Marin Eloisa Domínguez-Mariani Sandra Torres-Onofre 《Environmental Geology》2007,51(5):719-723
A hydraulic analysis of the interface between freshwater–saltwater behavior was done in the Merida Yucatan zone, two machines
that constantly register the groundwater levels were installed, and three electric conductivity logs were taken from wells.
When comparing the measured results with the ones obtained using theoretical equations developed to calculate the freshwater–saltwater
interface position, it was proved that in some cases these equations can be applied, and in others not. Two effects that rule
the behavior of karst aquifers in extraordinary conditions were found. 相似文献
24.
Christian Tiberius Thomas Pany Bernd Eissfeller Peter Joosten Sandra Verhagen 《GPS Solutions》2002,6(1-2):96-99
In this short contribution it is demonstrated how integer carrier phase cycle ambiguity resolution will perform in near future,
when the US GPS gets modernized and the European Galileo becomes operational. The capability of ambiguity resolution is analyzed
in the context of precise differential positioning over short, medium and long distances. Starting from dual-frequency operation
with GPS at present, particularly augmenting the number of satellites turns out to have beneficial consequences on the capability
of correctly resolving the ambiguities. With a 'double' constellation, on short baselines, the confidence of the integer ambiguity
solution increases to a level of 0.99999999 or beyond.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
25.
26.
Ideas of complexity theory – including self-organized criticality – are being applied to the study of turbulence and astroplasmas in the solar system. An RAS MIST meeting in London brought together researchers from different disciplines to compare established paradigms with more recent ideas. Sandra Chapman , Mervyn Freeman and Sean Oughton report. 相似文献
27.
28.
While it is intuitively attractive to link health status and the quality of housing, it is methodologically complex to identify the relative importance of housing because individual characteristics and environmental variables act as confounders. A secondary issue is that the data sets which contain detailed data on health status and environmental variables often contain only limited data on housing. Similarly, housing surveys rarely contain detailed data on health and environmental variables. Respondents from Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver in the public use micro-data files of the 1996/97 cycle of the National Population Health Survey make up the data sets for a series of logistic regression models where health status, allergies, asthma, arthritis, migraines and bronchitis/emphysema act as the dependent variables. Sets of variables which measure housing, the environment (smoking and alcohol consumption) and the socio-economic status of individuals are used as independent variables. The issues of confounders and the limitations of the data are illustrated by the results of the analysis. If we are to go beyond local area surveys and carry out broader analyses of the links between health status and the quality of housing, researchers and data collection agencies will need to re-think the artificial divisions between these two critical aspects of peoples' lives. 相似文献
29.
Sandra L. Macfarlane 《Estuaries and Coasts》1996,19(2):311-319
Concern about declining stocks of municipally managed shellfish species in Orleans, Massachusetts, led to several shellfish enhancement programs. Projects included bottom and raft culture of hatchery-raised seed, hatchery and upweller techniques, transplants of seed and adult shellfish, and other management options. However, deterioration of water quality and habitat prompted the town to initiate a multifaceted program to address the issues causing environmental degradation. A water-quality task force, appointed to determine solutions to the problems, recommended changes in land-use practices. A drainage remediation program was undertaken at five sites, resulting in the reopening of a viable shellfish area for the first time in 12 yr. Issues concerning nutrient enrichment, groundwater flow and depth, flushing characteristics of the embayments, proliferation of private docks and piers in the public tidelands, effect of barrier beach dynamics including erosion control measures, and the number of users and diversity of their activies employed on the waters themselves will be addressed in current municipal planning initiatives. 相似文献
30.
J. T. Dickinson L. C. Jensen S. C. Langford P. E. Rosenberg 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1992,18(7):453-459
Emission of neutral atoms (K and Na) and molecules (H2O and KOH) observed during fracture of K-feldspar have been accounted for by two independent mechanisms. H2O and KOH emissions are attributed to the venting of fluid-filled inclusions, while emission of atomic K is due to surface effects accompanying cleavage of crystalline feldspar. The intensity of emitted potassium, at least 6 × 1014 atoms/cm2 of surface area, is sufficient to affect K activities in solution during microbrecciation in the presence of rock-dominated fluids. 相似文献