Winter climate change at different temporal scales in Vaccinium myrtillus, an Arctic and alpine dwarf shrub     

Christian Rixen  Christoph Schwoerer  & Sonja Wipf 《Polar research》2010,29(1):85-94

Snow cover strongly influences plant growth in Arctic and alpine ecosystems. Snow characteristics and snowmelt timing are likely to change in a warmer climate. We studied year rings and shoot growth of the dwarf shrub bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus ), and species abundances of the vegetation, in response to early or late snowmelt at a study site in the Central Alps, near Davos, Switzerland. Snowmelt was manipulated on experimental plots for 3 and 30 years. Additional plots were set up along a natural snowmelt gradient, and at high and low elevation. Growth ring data showed an increasing trend in annual growth increment over the last 20 years, especially in the extraordinarily hot summer of 2003. Comparing high and low elevation sites, growth rings were wider at low elevation, but only in cold years. In years with relatively cold summers, however, xylem ring width was greater in plots with late rather than early snowmelt along the natural snowmelt gradient, possibly indicating drought stress in early snowmelt plots. Snow cover had a strong influence on species abundances along the natural snowmelt gradient, and change (not yet significant) was beginning to be seen in plots with 30 years of snow manipulation. Our results indicate that beneficial effects of early snowmelt for shrub growth may be offset in cold summers. Although early snowmelt prolongs the growing season, harsh conditions and frost events early in the growing season may become more likely, and hamper plant growth, and this could affect plant growth in all Arctic and alpine snow-dominated ecosystems.  相似文献   

Intercomparison of instruments for tropospheric measurements using differential optical absorption spectroscopy     

C. Camy-Peyret  B. Bergovist  B. Galle  M. Carleer  C. Clerbaux  R. Colin  C. Fayt  F. Goutail  M. Nunes-Pinharanda  J. P. Pommereau  M. Hausmann  U. Platt  I. Pundt  T. Rudolph  C. Hermans  P. C. Simon  A. C. Vandaele  J. M. C. Plane  N. Smith 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1996,23(1):51-80

The results of an intercomparison campaign of eight different long path UV-visible DOAS instruments measuring NO₂, O₃ and SO₂ concentrations in a moderately polluted urban site are presented. For effective optical path lengths of 230 and 780 m the overall spread of these measurements (±1) are 5×10¹⁰, 6×10¹⁰ and 1×10¹⁰ molec·cm^-3 (2.0, 2.4, and 0.4 ppb) for these molecules respectively when all instruments used a common set of absorption cross sections. The remaining differences are not completely random and the systematic differences are attributed to the different retrieval methods used for each instrument.  相似文献   

Variations of sea surface temperature and primary productivity during Heinrich and Dansgaard-Oeschger events in the northeastern Arabian Sea     

Sonja Schulte  Peter J. Müller 《Geo-Marine Letters》2001,21(3):168-175

Sea surface temperatures (SST) and primary productivities have been reconstructed for the northeastern Arabian Sea during the past 65,000 years, using C₃₇-alkenones. Comparison of this SST record with '¹⁸O from Greenland ice core GISP2 shows striking similarities, indicating an apparent linkage between the climate of the Arabian Sea with that of the northern North Atlantic, most probably via atmospheric and/or oceanic circulation. These rapid SST changes are in the long term overlain by insolation changes at 30°N.  相似文献   

1996—2015年纽约湾区生态系统服务对景观格局变化的响应   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

曹君  张正栋  崔峰艳  陈宋佳  杨阳  匡腾飞  陈裕婵 《世界地理研究》2021,30(4):826-838

生态系统服务价值对景观格局演变的响应研究已成为地理学、生态学等领域的研究热点。以纽约湾区为研究区,利用1996—2015年土地覆被数据和数字高程数据,采用生态系统服务价值当量估算法、景观格局指数、空间自相关分析等方法,分析1996—2015年湾区景观格局的时空演变规律,定量评估研究区生态系统服务价值,探讨纽约湾区生态系统服务价值对景观格局变化的响应。结果表明：①纽约湾区景观以林地和建设用地为主,其整体变化幅度较小,20年间湿地面积减少约10.94%,而建设用地增长幅度较高,约25.91%。②纽约湾区1996—2015年间ESV总量呈逐步减少,20年间共减少57.83亿元,2000—2005年间下降幅度较大约1.69%。③湾区ESV空间异质性较强,不同地区ESV增减所对应的土地利用转移各有差异。湾区南部热点区多出现湿地增加,而北部则以水域、草地增加为主。湾区西部冷点区多为湿地转林地的现象,而中部冷点区则以建设用地增加为主。④除建设用地外,湾区其余地类均呈现人为干预越少,景观结合度、聚集度越高,越有利于提升湾区整体的生态系统服务价值的规律。⑤纽约湾区ESV强度与土地利用程度（La）的空间关联性较弱,且湾区生态环境质量逐年下降。研究结果希望对世界级大湾区环境资源利用率的提升研究具有借鉴意义。  相似文献   

Leveraging correlation across space and time to interpolate geophysical data via CoKriging     

Sonja Pravilovic  Donato Malerba 《International journal of geographical information science》2018,32(1):191-212

Managing geophysical data generated by emerging spatiotemporal data sources (e.g. geosensor networks) presents a growing challenge to Geographic Information System science. The presence of correlation poses difficulties with respect to traditional spatial data analysis. This paper describes a novel spatiotemporal analytical scheme that allows us to yield a characterization of correlation in geophysical data along the spatial and temporal dimensions. We resort to a multivariate statistical model, namely CoKriging, in order to derive accurate spatiotemporal interpolation models. These predict unknown data by utilizing not only their own geosensor values at the same time, but also information from near past data. We use a window-based computation methodology that leverages the power of temporal correlation in a spatial modeling phase. This is done by also fitting the computed interpolation model to data which may change over time. In an assessment, using various geophysical data sets, we show that the presented algorithm is often able to deal with both spatial and temporal correlations. This helps to gain accuracy during the interpolation phase, compared to spatial and spatiotemporal competitors. Specifically, we evaluate the efficacy of the interpolation phase by using established machine-learning metrics (i.e. root mean squared error, Akaike information criterion and computation time).  相似文献   

New insights into Late Pleistocene glacial and postglacial history of northernmost Ungava (Canada) from Pingualuit Crater Lake sediments     

Hervé Guyard  Guillaume St-Onge  Reinhard Pienitz  Pierre Francus  Bernd Zolitschka  Garry K.C. Clarke  Sonja Hausmann  Veli-Pekka Salonen  Patrick Lajeunesse  Grégoire Ledoux  Michel Lamothe 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2011,30(27-28):3892-3907

The Pingualuit Crater was formed by a meteoritic impact ca. 1.4 million years ago in northernmost Ungava (Canada). Due to its geographical position near the center of successive North American ice sheets and its favorable morphometry, the Pingualuit Crater Lake (water depth = 246 m) promises to yield a unique continuous sedimentary sequence covering several glacial/interglacial cycles in the terrestrial Canadian Arctic. In this paper, we suggest the existence of a subglacial lake at least during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) by hydraulic potential modeling using LGM ice-surface elevation and bed topography derived from a digital elevation model. These results support the hypothesis that the bottom sediments of the Crater Lake escaped glacial erosion and may contain a long-term continental sedimentary sequence. We also present the stratigraphy of a 9 m-long core retrieved from the deep basin of the lake as well as a multiproxy reconstruction of its deglacial and postglacial history. The base of the core is formed by very dense diamicton reflecting basal melt-out environments marking the end of subglacial conditions at the coring site. The overlying finely laminated silt are related to the onset of proglacial conditions characterized by extremely low lacustrine productivity. Infra Red Stimulated Luminescence and AMS ¹⁴C dating, as well as biostratigraphic data indicate sediment mixing between recent (e.g. Holocene) and much older (pre- to mid-Wisconsinan) material reworked by glacier activity. This process prevents the precise dating of these sediments that we interpret as being deposited just before the final deglaciation of the lake. Two finer grained and organic-rich intervals reflect the inception of lacustrine productivity resulting from the cessation of glacial meltwater inputs and ice-free periods. The lower organic interval corresponds to the early postglacial period (6850–5750 cal BP) and marks the transition between proglacial and postglacial conditions during the Holocene Thermal Maximum, while the uppermost organic-rich core section represents late Holocene sediments (～4200–600 cal BP). The organic intervals are separated by a basin-scale erosive slide occurring around 4200 cal BP and likely related to 1) a seismic event due to the glacio-isostatic rebound following the last deglaciation or 2) slope instabilities associated with rapid discharge events of the lake.  相似文献   

No significant ice-sheet expansion beyond present ice margins during the past 4500 yr at Rauer Group, East Antarctica     

Sonja Berg  Bernd Wagner  Martin Melles 《Quaternary Research》2010,74(1):23-25

The history of glacial advances and retreats of the East Antarctic ice sheet during the Holocene is not well-known, due to limited field evidence in both the marine and terrestrial realm. A 257-cm-long sediment core was recovered from a marine inlet in the Rauer Group, East Antarctica, 1.8 km in front of the present ice-sheet margin. Radiocarbon dating and lithological characteristics reveal that the core comprises a complete marine record since 4500 yr. A significant ice-sheet expansion beyond present ice margins therefore did not occur during this period.  相似文献   

Contrasting punctuated zircon growth in two syn-erupted rhyolite magmas from Tarawera volcano: Insights to crystal diversity in magmatic systems     

Sonja Storm  Phil Shane  Axel K. Schmitt  Jan M. Lindsay 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2011,301(3-4):511-520

Two mineralogically and chemically distinct rhyolite magmas (T1 and T3) were syn-erupted from the same conduit system during the 21.9 ka basalt intrusion-triggered Okareka eruption from Tarawera volcano, New Zealand. High spatial resolution U–Th disequilibrium dating of zircon crystals at the ~ 3–5 μm scale reveals a protracted yet discontinuous zircon crystallization history within the magmatic system. Both magma types contain zircon whose interiors predate the eruption by up to 200 ka. The dominant age peak in the T1 magma is ~ 30 ka with subordinate peaks at ~ 45, ~ 75, and ~ 100 ka, whereas the T3 magma has a dominant zircon interior age peak at ~ 90 ka with smaller modes at ~ 35 and ~ 150 ka. These patterns are consistent with isolated pockets of crystallization throughout the evolution of the system. Crystal rim analyses yield ages ranging from within error of the eruption age to at least ~ 90 ka prior to eruption, highlighting that zircon crystallization frequently stalled long before the eruption. Continuous depth profiling from crystal rims inward demonstrates protracted growth histories for individual crystals (up to ~ 100 ka) that were punctuated by asynchronous hiatuses of up to 30 ka in duration. Disparate zircon growth histories can result from localized thermal perturbations caused by mafic intrusions into a silicic reservoir. The crystal age heterogeneity at hand-sample scale requires considerable crystal transport and mixing. We propose that crystal mixing was achieved through buoyancy instabilities caused by mafic magma flow through crystal mush. A terminal pre-eruptive rejuvenation event was capable of mobilizing voluminous melts that erupted, but was too short (< 10²–10³ years) to result in extensive zircon growth. The contrasting, punctuated zircon histories argue against closed-system fractional crystallization models for silicic magmatism that require protracted cooling times following a mostly liquid starting condition.  相似文献   

Are metal-induced hypersensitivities in harbor seals associated with liver function?     

Kakuschke A  Valentine-Thon E  Griesel S  Fonfara S  Siebert U  Prange A 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(8):1891-1894

Environmental exposure to metals is believed to affect marine mammal health adversely including immunosuppression or acute as well as chronic inflammatory processes leading to hypersensitivities or autoimmune diseases. Metal-specific hypersensitivities were found in several pinnipeds of the North Sea. However, hypersensitivity is a complex phenomenon whose characteristics are still not completely understood; in particular, effects on health are not well established. In the present study, we compared basic hematological and biochemical parameters of seals with and without metal-specific hypersensitivities. We found altered hematological parameters and liver enzyme patterns in seals with a metal-induced hypersensitivity, including a reduction in macrophages, an increase in lymphocytes, and elevated levels of lactate dehydrogenase. These findings support the suggestion of a chronic influence of metal pollutants on the health of marine mammals of the North Sea.  相似文献   

Formation of cratonic subcontinental lithospheric mantle and complementary komatiite from hybrid plume sources     

Sonja Aulbach  Thomas Stachel  Larry M. Heaman  Robert A. Creaser  Steven B. Shirey 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2011,161(6):947-960

Peridotitic sulphide inclusions in diamonds from the central Slave craton constrain the age and origin of their subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) sources. These sulphides align with either a ca. 3.5 Ga (shallow SCLM) or a ca. 3.3 Ga isochron (deep SCLM) on a Re–Os ischron diagram, with variably enriched initial ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os. Since some Archaean to recent plume-derived melts carry a subducted crust (eclogite) signature and some cratonic SCLM may have been generated in plumes by extraction of komatiitic liquids, we explain these data by subduction of evolved lithospheric material (shallow SCLM) and melting in a hybrid mantle plume that contains domains of recycled eclogite (deep SCLM), respectively. In upwelling hybrid mantle, eclogite-derived melts react with olivine in surrounding peridotites to form aluminous orthopyroxene, convert peridotite to pyroxenite and confer their crustal isotope signatures. We suggest that it is subsequent to orthopyroxene enrichment of peridotite in an upwelling plume that partial melting of this Al- and Si- enriched source generated komatiites and complementary ultradepleted cratonic mantle residues. Although subduction is needed to explain some cratonic features, melting of a hybrid plume source satisfies several key observations: (1) suprachondritic initial ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os in subsets of lithospheric mantle samples and in some coeval Archaean komatiites; (2) variable enrichment of cratonic mantle by high-temperature aluminous orthopyroxene; (3) high Mg# combined with high orthopyroxene content in cratonic mantle due to higher melt productivity of an Al- and Si-richer source; (4) variable orthopyroxene enrichment possibly linked to varying mantle potential temperatures (Tp), plume buoyancy and resultant eclogite load and/or variable availability of subducted material in the source; and (5) absence of younger analogues due to a secular decrease in Tp. Most importantly, this model also alleviates a mass balance problem, because it predicts a hybrid mantle source with variably higher SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ than primitive mantle, and, contrary to a primitive mantle source, is able to reconcile compositions of komatiites and complementary cratonic mantle residues.  相似文献