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941.
The composition of the Earth 总被引:317,自引:0,他引:317
Compositional models of the Earth are critically dependent on three main sources of information: the seismic profile of the Earth and its interpretation, comparisons between primitive meteorites and the solar nebula composition, and chemical and petrological models of peridotite-basalt melting relationships. Whereas a family of compositional models for the Earth are permissible based on these methods, the model that is most consistent with the seismological and geodynamic structure of the Earth comprises an upper and lower mantle of similar composition, an Fe---Ni core having between 5% and 15% of a low-atomic-weight element, and a mantle which, when compared to CI carbonaceous chondrites, is depleted in Mg and Si relative to the refractory lithophile elements.The absolute and relative abundances of the refractory elements in carbonaceous, ordinary, and enstatite chondritic meteorites are compared. The bulk composition of an average CI carbonaceous chondrite is defined from previous compilations and from the refractory element compositions of different groups of chondrites. The absolute uncertainties in their refractory element compositions are evaluated by comparing ratios of these elements. These data are then used to evaluate existing models of the composition of the Silicate Earth.The systematic behavior of major and trace elements during differentiation of the mantle is used to constrain the Silicate Earth composition. Seemingly fertile peridotites have experienced a previous melting event that must be accounted for when developing these models. The approach taken here avoids unnecessary assumptions inherent in several existing models, and results in an internally consistent Silicate Earth composition having chondritic proportions of the refractory lithophile elements at 2.75 times that in CI carbonaceous chondrites. Element ratios in peridotites, komatiites, basalts and various crustal rocks are used to assess the abundances of both non-lithophile and non-refractory elements in the Silicate Earth. These data provide insights into the accretion processes of the Earth, the chemical evolution of the Earth's mantle, the effect of core formation, and indicate negligible exchange between the core and mantle throughout the geologic record (the last 3.5 Ga).The composition of the Earth's core is poorly constrained beyond its major constituents (i.e. an Fe---Ni alloy). Density contrasts between the inner and outer core boundary are used to suggest the presence ( 10 ± 5%) of a light element or a combination of elements (e.g., O, S, Si) in the outer core. The core is the dominant repository of siderophile elements in the Earth. The limits of our understanding of the core's composition (including the light-element component) depend on models of core formation and the class of chondritic meteorites we have chosen when constructing models of the bulk Earth's composition.The Earth has a bulk Fe/Al of 20 ± 2, established by assuming that the Earth's budget of Al is stored entirely within the Silicate Earth and Fe is partitioned between the Silicate Earth ( 14%) and the core ( 86%). Chondritic meteorites display a range of Fe/Al ratios, with many having a value close to 20. A comparison of the bulk composition of the Earth and chondritic meteorites reveals both similarities and differences, with the Earth being more strongly depleted in the more volatile elements. There is no group of meteorites that has a bulk composition matching that of the Earth's. 相似文献
942.
本文研究了在CTMAB存在下,应用苯基萤光酮分光光度法测定微量锡的条件。该法灵敏度高,操作简便,可用于测定岩矿样品中的微量锡。 相似文献
943.
944.
Jing Zhang 《Aquatic Geochemistry》1995,1(3):241-275
Water and suspended sediment samples from the Huanghe and its delta region were analyzed to determine arsenic concentrations. Comparison with the data of previous studies and other world pristine and less disturbed rivers reveals high levels of both dissolved and particulate As in this high turbidity river. Relatively stable distribution along the river course and in delta sediment cores shows that antrhopogenic activities have not altered As concentrations by any significant magnitude since the 1940s. Therefore, high levels of As in the Huanghe should be controlled by natural weathering and lithology. In the estuary, biological removal/regeneration and abiotic events (e.g. remobilization) have been identified to cause the active (non-conservative) As distributions. With the limited data set of the present study, the abiotic and biological contributions cannot be assessed accurately, however. 相似文献
945.
论当前我国北西部铀矿勘查关键技术 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
本文提出当前我国北西部铀矿勘查两项关键技术──中国北西部寻找大型超大型可地浸砂岩铀矿勘查技术和找矿勘探过程中地浸可行性评价技术,并论述了技术内容和技术开发目标。两项关键技术的开发研究和落实对扩大我国铀矿资源有现实意义。 相似文献
946.
皮尔斯比率图解在腾冲新生代火山岩研究中的应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
腾冲新生代火山岩属钙碱性系列,可分为四个喷发期,构成两个岩浆旋回:N_2-Q_1为玄武岩—英安岩;Q_3—Q_4为玄武岩—安山岩。应用皮尔斯比率图解对其进行研究表明:分离结晶作用是岩石化学成分变异的主要因素;第一旋回的玄武岩浆可能起源于上地幔的部分熔融,经(Pl+Cpx±O1±Mt)矿物组合的分离结晶而形成英安岩浆。英安岩浆在形成或演化过程中受到了地壳物质的轻度混染。该旋回具有张性构造环境中双峰式火成岩套的特点。第二旋回的玄武岩浆可能起源于早期俯冲洋壳的部分熔融,经(Mt+Pl+Cpx±Opx)矿物组合的分离结晶而形成安山岩浆,为安山岩成因的分离结晶模式提供了一个良好的实例。该旋回具有典型的弧火山岩的特点。 相似文献
947.
50年代引进前苏联在地勘工作中用静态法制订工业指标、计算矿产储量,为矿山建设提交可供设计利用的矿产储量方面,曾经起到巨大的推动作用。然而,随着改革、开放,上述方法就不能适应市场经济发展的要求,本文试图在剖析静态法制订工业指标、计算矿产储量的四个弊端的基础上,探讨用贸易指标计算矿产储量来取代以往那种用静态法制订工业指标计算矿产储量的管理方法。 相似文献
948.
本文概述了金坑冲金矿地质特征,并对其矿化规律作了总结。在此基础上,依据地质类比与土壤地球化学测量成果,指出王家湾一丫头山一带,是找石英脉一蚀变岩型金矿的远景区。 相似文献
949.
上海附近地区水域的地质灾害及其对工程建筑的影响 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
本区水域的地质灾害分为直接的、潜在的和人为的三种,类型有冲刷槽、滑坡、活动沙波和沙脊、不稳定岸坡、快速侵蚀和堆积,浅滩和暗礁,埋藏古河道、古洼地、埋藏基岩、含气沉积物、“鸡蛋壳”地层,断层和地震,人为障碍物等。本文讨论了各类水域地质灾害的分布、特征、对工程建筑的影响和防治措施。 相似文献
950.
本文中作者以祁连山中段为研究区域提出了评估中长期预报区内烈度的方法。本方法的特点是对相对稳定的发震地段在某预报期内进行烈度概率分析。文申指出了本方法与确定性方法以及地震危险性分析方法的不同之处。计算表明,对本区,烈度提高一度,遭受该烈度袭击的概率即减少20%左右。根据计算结果,将研究区域划分为若干小区,给出了每小区Ⅵ——Ⅷ度发生的概率,并以此作为估算预报期内损失期望值的依据。 相似文献