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101.
随着资料的积累,不断发现与板块假说相矛盾的事实:地震层析没有发现地幔对流的证据,却发现大陆克拉通具有400km深的“壳根”;海洋地质调查发现了一系列否定板块假说的重要证据,尤其是大西洋中多处发现古岩石,使海底扩张模型受到严重挑战;跨越扩张脊的一系列测量结果实际上否定了扩张假说。此外,作为学说重要支柱的地磁资料的可靠性受到怀疑,板块消减过程中洋底沉积层堆积被否定,大陆碰撞模式与陆上地质资料的不符,动力机制不明,板块模式不适于解释复杂的大陆地质而难以登陆等事实,已令板块构造理论陷入了深刻的危机之中。根据煤和蒸发岩的地史分布等资料,说明一个海陆相对固定的大地构造模型更符合实际。通过对大地构造假说发展史的分析和研究,并借鉴天文学中太阳系的发现史,认为新假说的建立必须从确凿的地质现象,而非多解性的资料和推断出发。由此提出大地构造和海陆起源的内波假说。 相似文献
102.
The paper is concerned with the solution and determination of the optimum shape of a retaining wall modelled by the co-ordinates of a set of points which belongs to a certain permissible space. An optimum design method is formulated as a non-linear multiobjective optimization problem. The following two objective functions, which are mutually conflicting and non-commensurable with each other, are considered: (a) to minimize the total weight of the wall, (b) to maximize the structure stability. A set of Pareto optimum solutions is derived numerically by adopting a logical algorithm, and a Pereto optimum solution is obtained by investigating the trade-off relationships among design objectives. 相似文献
103.
分析了利用中心差分法进行GPS定速时的主要误差来源,证明了当数据采样率一定时,增加中心差分法的点数可减少微分过程中的截断误差,但同时会放大导出相位率的观测误差,得出中心差分法的最佳点数应使这两种误差之和最小的结论。实验结果表明,当数据采样间隔为1s、载体平均速度和加速度为20m.s-1和0.2m.s-2时,9个点的中心差分法定速精度最高。 相似文献
104.
Probabilistic Precipitation Forecasting Based on Ensemble Output Using Generalized Additive Models and Bayesian Model Averaging 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2 下载免费PDF全文
A probabilistic precipitation forecasting model using generalized additive models (GAMs) and Bayesian model averaging (BMA) was proposed in this paper.GAMs were used to fit the spatial-temporal precipi... 相似文献
105.
WRF模式模拟的地表短波辐射与实况对比分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
利用中尺度数值模式WRFV3对2009年1、4、8和10月进行了约4个月的逐日(0~36小时)到达地表短波辐射模拟,将输出结果转换成逐小时太阳总辐射,并以武汉站为例,与地表实测逐小时总辐射值进行对比分析。结果表明:(1)模拟结果与观测结果有较好的对应关系,4个月的日间模拟和观测值的相关系数均在0.8以上,均通过了置信度0.01的显著性检验。(2)日间各时刻模拟值与实况相比,平均预报误差早晚小,中午大;平均绝对误差变化趋势与平均预报误差相同,平均绝对百分比误差则一般早晚大,09—15时较小且变化幅度小,可信度高于其他时刻。(3)WRFV3模式对太阳总辐射,在各种气象条件下均有一定预报能力,尤其以晴天表现最佳。距直接使用模式输出的地表短波辐射结果作为光伏发电系统初值用于发电量预报还有一些误差,可以尝试采用误差订正等方法修订,提高数值预报结果的可用性。 相似文献
106.
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108.
福建省冬季暴雨过程及其环流特征 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
利用福建省66个气象观测站1960年12月至2008年2月的暴雨资料,分析了福建冬季暴雨的时空特征及主要影响天气系统。结果表明,冬季暴雨主要发生在闽西;福建冬季暴雨主要是南支槽东移、切变线维持和冷空气南下影响所致;冬季暴雨的产生与充沛的水汽、对流不稳定和辐合上升运动密切相关,但大气层结比汛期暴雨要稳定得多;冬季暴雨异常与500 hPa大气环流和赤道中东太平洋海温异常关系密切,它们可能主要通过大气环流的改变引起福建冬季暴雨异常。 相似文献
109.
Investigation of fractal distribution law for the trace number of random and grouped fractures in a geological mass 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Yangsheng Zhao Zengchao Feng Weiguo Liang Dong Yang Yaoqin Hu Tianhe Kang 《Engineering Geology》2009,109(3-4):224-229
A fractal study method of the number of geological mass fractures is introduced in detail in this paper. Three main aspects of the problem were studied: (1) The random distribution of fractures in a geological mass was in good agreement with the fractal law. The size scale of the studied geological mass ranged from 2400 m to 1 mm for the length of each side, and the geological mass samples were taken from 13 coal areas in China. (2) The geological mass fractures were evidently directional and anisotropic, having originated from tectonic movement. Observation and statistics for the data from the Xuangang, Fenxi and Dongshan coal areas in Shanxi, China, demonstrated that the fracture distribution of each group, classified by the strike of the strata, still follow the fractal law, even though the fractal dimension varies to a certain extent with different strikes. (3) The sedimentary strata containing the coal seams, as a geological mass, underwent almost similar tectonic movements in their geological history. The mechanical experiments on geological mass samples from Fenxi and Jiexiu in Shanxi demonstrated that the fractal dimension of the number of fractures in the same strata is in good power function with the product of strength and elastic modulus. The larger the product of the strength of the elastic modulus is, the larger is the fractal dimension, and vice versa. 相似文献
110.
Miaofang Chi Hope A. Ishii Steven B. Simon John P. Bradley Zurong Dai David Joswiak Nigel D. Browning Graciela Matrajt 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2009,73(23):7150-7161
Refractory Ti-bearing minerals in the calcium-, aluminum-rich inclusion (CAI) Inti, recovered from the comet 81P/Wild 2 sample, were examined using analytical (scanning) transmission electron microscopy (STEM) methods including imaging, nanodiffraction, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Inti fassaite (Ca(Mg,Ti,Al)(Si,Al)2O6) was found to have a Ti3+/Ti4+ ratio of 2.0 ± 0.2, consistent with fassaite in other solar system CAIs. The oxygen fugacity (logfO2) of formation estimated from this ratio, assuming equilibration among phases at 1509 K, is −19.4 ± 1.3. This value is near the canonical solar nebula value (−18.1 ± 0.3) and in close agreement with that reported for fassaite-bearing Allende CAIs (−19.8 ± 0.9) by other researchers using the same assumptions. Nanocrystals of osbornite (Ti(V)N), 2–40 nm in diameter, are embedded as inclusions within gehlenite, spinel and diopside in Inti. Vanadium is heterogeneously distributed within some osbornite crystals. Compositions range from pure TiN to Ti0.36V0.64N. The possible presence of oxide and carbide in solid solution with the osbornite was evaluated. The osbornite may contain O, but C is not present at detectable levels. The presence of osbornite, likely a refractory early condensate, together with the other refractory minerals in Inti, indicates that the parent comet contains solids that condensed closer to the proto-sun than the distance at which the parent comet itself accreted. The estimated oxygen fugacity and the reported isotopic and chemical compositions are consistent with Inti originating in the inner solar system like other meteoritic CAIs. These results provide insight for evaluating the validity of models of radial mass transport dynamics in the early solar system. The oxidation environments inferred for the Inti mineral assemblage are inconsistent with an X-wind formation scenario. In contrast, radial mixing models that allow accretion of components from different heliocentric distances can satisfy the observations from the cometary CAI Inti. 相似文献