Growth defects in metamorphic biotite     

Ian A. Bell  C. J. L. Wilson 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1977,2(1-2):153-169

Metamorphic biotites examined by transmission electron microscopy contain planar defects on the (001) plane, superlattices, twins and a microstructure causing streaking of k≠3n rows. Analysis of the fringe contrast shows that the fault vectors associated with the planar defects are either R ₁=±1/3 [010], R ₂=±1/6 [310] or R ₃=±1/6 [3 \(\bar 1\) 0]. Structural considerations indicate that a stacking fault R ₁, R ₂ or R ₃ is most likely to exist in the octahedral layer rather than the potassium layer. The result of such a fault on a unit layer of mica is effectively to rotate it through ±120° about c* (equivalent to the common mica twin law). These stacking faults can provide the mechanism for producing the ±120° rotations associated with the common mica polytypes. Furthermore, many of the observed microstructures can be generated by these stacking faults.  相似文献   

Cordierite breakdown under high-pressure,hydrous conditions     

Trevor H. Green  R. H. Vernon 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1974,46(3):215-226

Clear evidence exists for a cordierite breakdown reaction to amphibole-kyanite-quartz in high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Arunta Complex, Australia. Using the natural minerals this reaction has been duplicated experimentally. It proceeds over a divariant band with a slope of 12±4 bars/°C, occurring between 8 and 10.4 kb at 750° C and between 9.5 and 11.3 kb at 850°C. The reaction is cut off at low temperature by the appearance of talc and at high temperature by the appearance of orthopyroxene. The maximum pressure stability of the amphibole-kyanite-quartz assemblage is about 20 kb. These data suggest that the natural rock was subjected to pressures of at least 8 kb at 750–850° C for high water fugacities. Other experimental data on the hydration of hypersthene and cordierite-hypersthene stability, point to a temperature below 820° C and an upper pressure limit of 9.5 kb at 750–820°C. Experiments at \(P_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}\) total indicate that the breakdown of cordierite to amphibole-kyanite-quartz is a hydration reaction, and occurred in the natural rock as a result of an increase of water fugacity at constant total pressure (8–9.5 kb) and temperature (750–820°C).  相似文献   

Bayesian modelling of the cool core galaxy group NGC 4325     

Paul A. Russell  Trevor J. Ponman  Alastair J. R. Sanderson 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,378(4):1217-1228

We present an X-ray analysis of the radio-quiet cool-core galaxy group NGC 4325  ( z = 0.026)  based on Chandra and ROSAT observations. The Chandra data were analysed using xspec deprojection, 2D spectral mapping and forward-fitting with parametric models. Additionally, a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method was used to perform a joint Bayesian analysis of the Chandra and ROSAT data. The results of the various analysis methods are compared, particularly those obtained by forward-fitting and deprojection. The spectral mapping reveals the presence of cool gas displaced up to 10 kpc from the group centre. The Chandra X-ray surface brightness shows the group core to be highly disturbed, and indicates the presence of two small X-ray cavities within 15 kpc of the group core. The xspec deprojection analysis shows that the group has a particularly steep entropy profile, suggesting that an active galactic nucleus (AGN) outburst may be about to occur. With the evidence of prior AGN activity, but with no radio emission currently observed, we suggest that the group in a pre-outburst state, with the cavities and displaced gas providing evidence of a previous, weak AGN outburst.  相似文献   

Towards improving the framework for probabilistic forecast evaluation   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Leonard A. Smith  Emma B. Suckling  Erica L. Thompson  Trevor Maynard  Hailiang Du 《Climatic change》2015,132(1):31-45

  相似文献   

New clues to the impact broadening mystery in radio recombination lines     

M. B. Bell 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2011,335(2):451-456

Problems where impact broadened radio recombination lines appeared narrower than predicted first showed up ∼40 years ago at frequencies below ∼3 GHz. But it was soon found that the observations could be explained by throwing out the uniform density models and replacing them with variable density ones. However, this problem re-appeared recently when a mysterious line narrowing above quantum numbers of (n,Δn)=(202,8) was reported from sensitive observations of Orion and W51 near 6 GHz. Here it is demonstrated that the narrowing is unlikely to be caused by the data processing technique and therefore must be source related. It is further demonstrated that the observed line narrowing can be tied to one of the fundamental properties of radio recombination lines; namely the fact that the spacing of adjacent n-transitions increases with frequency. The line narrowing is observed to begin when the n-transition density, D _n , exceeds ∼11.6 transitions per GHz. This may imply that it is somehow related either to a previously overlooked effect in the impact broadening process, or to some unknown parallel process, that is tied to the separation between adjacent n-transitions. Based on these results it can be concluded, as has also been concluded in several theoretical investigations, that the observed line narrowing is not tied to a fixed range of either n or Δn.  相似文献   

THEMIS-VIS observations of clouds in the martian mesosphere: Altitudes, wind speeds, and decameter-scale morphology     

T.H. McConnochie  J.F. Bell III  D. Savransky  M.J. Wolff  A.D. Toigo  H. Wang  M.I. Richardson  P.R. Christensen 《Icarus》2010,210(2):545-565

We present measurements of the altitude and eastward velocity component of mesospheric clouds in 35 imaging sequences acquired by the Mars Odyssey (ODY) spacecraft’s Thermal Emission Imaging System visible imaging subsystem (THEMIS-VIS). We measure altitude by using the parallax drift of high-altitude features, and the velocity by exploiting the time delay in the THEMIS-VIS imaging sequence.We observe two distinct classes of mesospheric clouds: equatorial mesospheric clouds observed between 0° and 180° L_s; and northern mid-latitude clouds observed only in twilight in the 200–300° L_s period. The equatorial mesospheric clouds are quite rare in the THEMIS-VIS data set. We have detected them in only five imaging sequences, out of a total of 2048 multi-band equatorial imaging sequences. All five fall between 20° south and 0° latitude, and between 260° and 295° east longitude. The mid-latitude mesospheric clouds are apparently much more common; for these we find 30 examples out of 210 northern winter mid-latitude twilight imaging sequences. The observed mid-latitude clouds are found, with only one exception, in the Acidalia region, but this is quite likely an artifact of the pattern of THEMIS-VIS image targeting. Comparing our THEMIS-VIS images with daily global maps generated from Mars Orbiter Camera Wide Angle (MOC-WA) images, we find some evidence that some mid-latitude mesospheric cloud features correspond to cloud features commonly observed by MOC-WA. Comparing the velocity of our mesospheric clouds with a GCM, we find good agreement for the northern mid-latitude class, but also find that the GCM fails to match the strong easterly winds measured for the equatorial clouds.Applying a simple radiative transfer model to some of the equatorial mesospheric clouds, we find good model fits in two different imaging sequences. By using the observed radiance contrast between cloud and cloud-free regions at multiple visible-band wavelengths, these fits simultaneously constrain the optical depths and particles sizes of the clouds. The particle sizes are constrained primarily by the relative contrasts at the available wavelengths, and are found to be quite different in the two imaging sequences: r_eff = 0.1 μm and r_eff = 1.5 μm. The optical depths (constrained by the absolute contrasts) are substantial: 0.22 and 0.5, respectively. These optical depths imply a mass density that greatly exceeds the saturated mass density of water vapor at mesospheric temperatures, and so the aerosol particles are probably composed mainly of CO₂ ice. Our simple radiative transfer model is not applicable to twilight, when the mid-latitude mesospheric clouds were observed, and so we leave the properties of these clouds as a question for further work.  相似文献   

Observed and modelled tidal currents in the New Zealand region     

Basil R. Stanton  Derek G. Goring  Robert G. Bell 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):397-415

Tidal currents derived from current meter measurements are compared with the output from a barotropic tidal model of the New Zealand region. For the semi‐diurnal constituents there was very good agreement for the M₂ tide and good agreement for the S₂ tide. For the diurnal constituents (K_l, O_l) it was found that as the amplitude of the constituents decreased so did both the model/observation agreement and the accuracy of the observed tidal ellipse parameters. Consequently it was not possible to decide whether differences arose through shortcomings in the model or in the data. However, the overall performance of the model as a prognostic tool for ocean tidal current simulation appears to be good.  相似文献   

El Niño and decadal effects on sea‐level variability in northern New Zealand: A wavelet analysis     

Derek G. Goring  Robert G. Bell 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):587-598

Sea‐level data from two sites in northern New Zealand, along with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), are analysed for interannual and decadal variability using wavelets. The analysis shows, using statistically significant wavelet power, there is a significant relationship between mean sea level (MSL) and SOI. However, the relationship is highly variable, both in magnitude and in the range of time‐scales over which it occurs. This non‐stationarity necessitates the use of techniques such as wavelets for analysis. An interdecadal response in MSL around northern New Zealand has been isolated, with shifts occurring in 1950 and the late 1970s. This behaviour in MSL appears to coincide with shifts in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, thought previously to be largely centred in the North Pacific. A strong correlation between SOI and sea surface temperature (SST) is also demonstrated. This relationship appears to be stable in magnitude (a large change in SOI produces a large change in SST) and to occur over the same range of time‐scales. More SST and MSL data are required for other parts of New Zealand to determine whether these findings apply elsewhere.  相似文献   

Aquifer Storage Recovery (ASR) of chlorinated municipal drinking water in a confined aquifer     

John A. Izbicki  Christen E. Petersen  Kenneth J. Glotzbach  Loren F. Metzger  Allen H. Christensen  Gregory A. Smith  David O’Leary  Miranda S. Fram  Trevor Joseph  Heather Shannon 《Applied Geochemistry》2010

About 1.02 × 10⁶ m³ of chlorinated municipal drinking water was injected into a confined aquifer, 94–137 m below Roseville, California, between December 2005 and April 2006. The water was stored in the aquifer for 438 days, and 2.64 × 10⁶ m³ of water were extracted between July 2007 and February 2008. On the basis of Cl⁻ data, 35% of the injected water was recovered and 65% of the injected water and associated disinfection by-products (DBPs) remained in the aquifer at the end of extraction. About 46.3 kg of total trihalomethanes (TTHM) entered the aquifer with the injected water and 37.6 kg of TTHM were extracted. As much as 44 kg of TTHMs remained in the aquifer at the end of extraction because of incomplete recovery of injected water and formation of THMs within the aquifer by reactions with free-chlorine in the injected water. Well-bore velocity log data collected from the Aquifer Storage Recovery (ASR) well show as much as 60% of the injected water entered the aquifer through a 9 m thick, high-permeability layer within the confined aquifer near the top of the screened interval. Model simulations of ground-water flow near the ASR well indicate that (1) aquifer heterogeneity allowed injected water to move rapidly through the aquifer to nearby monitoring wells, (2) aquifer heterogeneity caused injected water to move further than expected assuming uniform aquifer properties, and (3) physical clogging of high-permeability layers is the probable cause for the observed change in the distribution of borehole flow. Aquifer heterogeneity also enhanced mixing of native anoxic ground water with oxic injected water, promoting removal of THMs primarily through sorption. A 3 to 4-fold reduction in TTHM concentrations was observed in the furthest monitoring well 427 m downgradient from the ASR well, and similar magnitude reductions were observed in depth-dependent water samples collected from the upper part of the screened interval in the ASR well near the end of the extraction phase. Haloacetic acids (HAAs) were completely sorbed or degraded within 10 months of injection.  相似文献   

Rift kinematics preserved in deep-time erosional landscape below the northern North Sea     

Thilo Wrona  Alexander C. Whittaker  Rebecca E. Bell  Robert L. Gawthorpe  Haakon Fossen  Christopher A.-L. Jackson  Marit Stokke Bauck 《Basin Research》2023,35(2):744-761

Our understanding of continental rifting is, in large parts, derived from the stratigraphic record. This record is, however, incomplete as it does not often capture the geomorphic and erosional signal of rifting. New 3D seismic reflection data reveal a Late Permian-Early Triassic landscape incised into the pre-rift basement of the northern North Sea. This landscape, which covers at least 542 km², preserves a drainage system bound by two major tectonic faults. A quantitative geomorphic analysis of the drainage system reveals 68 catchments, with channel steepness and knickpoint analysis of catchment-hosted palaeo-rivers showing that the landscape preserved a >2 Myr long period of transient tectonics. We interpret that this landscape records a punctuated uplift of the footwall of a major rift-related normal fault (Vette Fault) at the onset of rifting. The landscape was preserved by a combination of relatively rapid subsidence in the hangingwall of a younger fault (Øygarden Fault) and burial by post-incision sediments. As such, we show how and why erosional landscapes are preserved in the stratigraphic record, and how they can help us understand the tectono-stratigraphic evolution of ancient continental rifts.  相似文献