气温日较差研究进展:变化趋势及其影响因素   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

汪凯  叶红  唐立娜  陈峰  熊永柱  李祥余 《气候变化研究进展》2010,6(6):417-423

从日较差的变化趋势、影响因素以及人类活动对气候变化影响的指示3个方面对日较差的研究进行了总结和概括。观测数据以及气候模式模拟的结果表明,全球气温日较差在近半个多世纪以来呈下降趋势,而这种下降趋势不仅仅是自然变化的结果,还受到人类活动的影响。辐射、云量、气溶胶、下垫面的变化、水汽、降水以及航迹云等因素都能对日较差的变化造成影响。日较差的"周末效应"以及城市化过程中日较差的变化相对于平均气温的变化,能够更有效地指示人类活动对气候变化的影响。  相似文献   

黄山大气气溶胶微观特性的观测研究          下载免费PDF全文

银燕  陈晨  陈魁  安俊琳  王巍巍  林振毅  严家德  王静   《大气科学学报》2010,33(2):129-136

根据2008年4—7月黄山大气气溶胶观测资料,研究了气溶胶粒子的数浓度、谱分布特征及其与气象因子的关系,探讨了雾天和非雾天气溶胶颗粒物时间和尺度分布特点。分析发现,黄山光明顶春、夏季大气气溶胶数浓度的平均值分别为3.14×103个/cm3和1.80×103个/cm3,其中超细粒子(粒径小于0.1μm的粒子)在春夏季分别约占总粒子数浓度的79%和68%;高数浓度值集中在粒径0.04～0.12μm;积聚模态气溶胶粒子(0.1～1.0μm)在体积浓度分布和表面积分布中占很大比例。结合气象资料比较了雾天与非雾天气溶胶分布的差异,发现细粒子浓度非雾天大于雾天,而气溶胶数浓度与温度呈正相关,与相对湿度成反相关。结果还发现,黄山在春季以西北风和偏南风为主,西北风时气溶胶数浓度较高,在夏季主要以偏南风,特别是西南风为主,但是气溶胶数浓度的高值多发生在偏东风的条件下。  相似文献   

Simulation of Precipitation in Monsoon Regions of China by CMIP3 Models   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

TU Kai  YAN Zhong-Wei  ZHANG Xue-Bin  DONG Wen-Jie 《大气和海洋科学快报》2009,2(4):194-200

The output of 25 models used in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 （CMIP3） were evaluated, with a focus on summer precipitation in eastern China for the last 40 years of the 20th century. Most models failed to reproduce rainfall associated with the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM）, and hence the seasonal cycle in eastern China, but provided reasonable results in Southwest （SW） and Northeast China （NE）. The simulations produced reasonable results for the Yangtze-Huai （YH） Basin area, although the Meiyu phenomenon was underestimated in general. One typical regional phenomenon, a seasonal northward shift in the rain belt from early to late summer, was completely missed by most models. The long-term climate trends in rainfall over eastern China were largely underestimated, and the observed geographical pattern of rainfall changes was not reproduced by most models. Precipitation extremes were evaluated via parameters of fitted GEV （Generalized Ex- treme Values） distributions. The annual extremes were grossly underestimated in the monsoon-dominated YH and SW regions, but reasonable values were calculated for the North China （NC） and NE regions. These results suggest a general failure to capture the dynamics of the EASM in current coupled climate models. Nonetheless, models with higher resolution tend to reproduce larger decadal trends and annual extremes of precipitation in the regions studied.  相似文献   

东海黑潮暖舌的演变及其对我国气温的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

殷明  肖子牛  黎鑫  李崇银 《气候与环境研究》2016,21(3):333-345

利用高分辨率的海温分析资料模式资料,分析了黑潮暖舌与我国气温的关系,初步探讨了太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)等造成黑潮暖舌变化的可能原因。结果表明,冬季和春季东海黑潮暖舌存在明显的年际和年代际变化。暖舌在1996/1997年发生了一次突变,此前暖舌处在偏冷的状态,之后转为偏暖的状态。我国冬季和春季气温存在一定的年代际变化,1997年之后,冬季除东北和新疆外,气温有所偏高,而春季气温全国表现为一致的显著偏高。冬季和春季气温对黑潮暖舌存在邻(域)响应。冬季东海黑潮暖舌指数与冬季我国东部气温存在正相关,并且这一相关性能够延续到次年春季。冬季黑潮暖舌指数与我国4月海陆热力差异指数也存在显著的正相关。当冬季暖舌偏强(弱)时,4月海陆热力差异指数偏高(低),即东亚地区海陆热力差异偏大(小)。春季黑潮暖舌指数与春季我国中部及南方地区气温也存在正相关,当春季黑潮暖舌偏强(弱)时,上述地区气温将偏高(低)。PDO和黑潮暖舌之间的相互作用存在一个反馈机制。西风的增强,可通过使海洋向大气释放热量增加和向南的埃克曼(Ekman)输送,降低北太平洋中部的SST,而这一地区SST的降低对应着PDO的暖位相。增强的负风应力旋度在北太平洋副热带流涡中强迫出的向南斯维尔德鲁普(Sverdrup)流也偏强,而向北流动的东海黑潮的增强正是补偿了这一向南的海流。黑潮增强后经过两个月将大量热量输送至北太平洋中部,增强了这一地区的SST,而这对应着PDO的冷位相。  相似文献   

GPS/Pwv资料在强对流天气系统中的特征分析     

叶其欣  杨露华  丁金才  陆滟滟  徐秀芳  尹红萍  朱佳蓉  刘晓波 《湖北气象》2008,27(2):141-148

应用GPS探测的可降水水汽资料Pwv对上海地区2002～2005年强对流的水汽变化特征进行了分析。分析表明：每30分钟一次的GPS/Pwv资料能直观地、及时地反映大气中水汽的时间变化和空间变化;GPS/Pwv资料随时间的演变特征与降水有较好的对应关系,不同的季节及不同的降水类型有着不同的分布特征;GPS/Pwv的散度资料可以反映大气中水汽的辐合、辐散分布情况。文章还给出了不同季节产生强对流天气的GPS/Pwv阈值,表明GPS/Pwv资料在强对流天气预报方面有一定的应用价值。  相似文献   

基于DEM的江西潦河流域河网信息提取方法   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

黄娟  申双和  殷剑敏 《气象与减灾研究》2008,31(1):49-53

介绍了GIS环境下数字高程模型（DEM）的预处理、水流方向确定、汇流累积量确定、河网生成,以及其他水文信息提取的原理和方法;基于DEM对江西潦河流域进行河网提取和流域边界的划分,并对试验结果进行了比较和分析。结果表明,利用GIS空间分析功能,基于DEM提取的潦河中上游数字河网与实际河网基本吻合;DEM精度和汇流能力阈值对提取的河网精度有着明显的影响,对于中小流域的潦河来说,1：50000精度的DEM和汇流能力为1000的阈值可满足实际应用的要求;基于DEM和ArcGIS提取的数字化河网,其水文要素（如坡度等）可直接作为流域预报模型参数,不仅大大提高了模型的效率,而且还可以方便地利用遥感等数据源,数据获取快速且成本低。从宏观效果上看,利用现有的GIS软件,基于DEM数据提取河网、流域范围等水文信息,从提取效率和结果的精度来说都是切实可行的;从微观上讲,已有的算法还无法确保计算结果与某些特殊地形区域（如平坦区域）的实际河网一致。  相似文献   

基于MICAPS系统的气象图形Web显示   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

脱宇峰  邱凯  赵新科  张丽娟 《气象与环境科学》2008,31(4):71-74

利用MICAPS系统后台运行程序,通过修改相关参数和编写程序,将天气实况、城市预报和数值预报产品等气象数据,在Web服务器上实时自动生成预报员熟悉的MICAPS图形,并在叠加底图后保存为标准图像文件.再通过Web语言设计,实现在Web网络上提供实时的、全面的、专业的气象图形,从而提高了气象网站的专业性和服务功能.  相似文献   

双流冬草莓低温冻害天气特征及防冻措施探讨   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

罗琴  于成  蔡霞  叶丽君  肖楷  祝康 《高原山地气象研究》2008,28(3):72-75

双流县作为我国最大的冬草莓生产基地,低温冻害是冬季生产关键期的主要气象灾害。本文对2005年初低温冻害进行了分析,归纳出了双流县冬草莓低温冻害的发生规律及冻害临界温度指标,并提出了具体的防冻措施。  相似文献   

Scaling of oblique impacts in frictional targets: Implications for crater size and formation mechanisms   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Dirk Elbeshausen  Kai Wünnemann 《Icarus》2009,204(2):716-731

Almost every meteorite impact occurs at an oblique angle of incidence, yet the effect of impact angle on crater size or formation mechanism is only poorly understood. This is, in large part, due to the difficulty of inferring impactor properties, such as size, velocity and trajectory, from observations of natural craters, and the expense and complexity of simulating oblique impacts using numerical models. Laboratory oblique impact experiments and previous numerical models have shown that the portion of the projectile’s kinetic energy that is involved in crater excavation decreases significantly with impact angle. However, a thorough quantification of planetary-scale oblique impact cratering does not exist and the effect of impact angle on crater size is not considered by current scaling laws. To address this gap in understanding, we developed iSALE-3D, a three-dimensional multi-rheology hydrocode, which is efficient enough to perform a large number of well-resolved oblique impact simulations within a reasonable time. Here we present the results of a comprehensive numerical study containing more than 200 three-dimensional hydrocode-simulations covering a broad range of projectile sizes, impact angles and friction coefficients. We show that existing scaling laws in principle describe oblique planetary-scale impact events at angles greater than 30° measured from horizontal. The displaced mass of a crater decreases with impact angle in a sinusoidal manner. However, our results indicate that the assumption that crater size scales with the vertical component of the impact velocity does not hold for materials with a friction coefficient significantly lower than 0.7 (sand). We found that increasing coefficients of friction result in smaller craters and a formation process more controlled by impactor momentum than by energy.  相似文献   

Adaptive Optics Image Restoration Based on Frame Selection and Multi-frame Blind Deconvolution     

TIAN Yu  RAO Chang-hui  WEI Kai 《Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics》2009

Restricted by the observational condition and the hardware, adaptive optics can only make a partial correction of the optical images blurred by atmospheric turbulence. A postprocessing method based on frame selection and multi-frame blind deconvolution is proposed for the restoration of high-resolution adaptive optics images. By frame selection we mean we first make a selection of the degraded (blurred) images for participation in the iterative blind deconvolution calculation, with no need of any a priori knowledge, and with only a positivity constraint. This method has been applied to the restoration of some stellar images observed by the 61-element adaptive optics system installed on the Yunnan Observatory 1.2m telescope. The experimental results indicate that this method can effectively compensate for the residual errors of the adaptive optics system on the image, and the restored image can reach the diffraction-limited quality.  相似文献