Fluid evolution in the nepheline syenites of the Ditrău Alkaline Massif, Transylvania, Romania     

Andrs Fall  Robert J. Bodnar  Csaba Szab  Elemr Pl-Molnr 《Lithos》2007,95(3-4):331-345

The Ditrău Alkaline Massif is an intrusion into the Bucovina nappe system that is part of the Mesozoic crystalline zone located in Transylvania, Romania, in the Eastern Carpathians. Nepheline syenites are the most abundant rocks in the central and eastern part of the Massif, and represent the last major intrusion of the complex. Fluid inclusions in nepheline, aegirine and albite were trapped at magmatic conditions on or below the H₂O-saturated nepheline syenite solidus at about 400–600 °C and 2.5–5 kbars. Early nepheline, and to a lesser extent albite, were altered by highly saline fluids to produce cancrinite, sodalite and analcime, during this process cancrinite also trapped fluid inclusions. The fluids, in most cases, can be modeled by the H₂O–NaCl system with varying salinity; however inclusions with more complex fluid composition (containing K, Ca, CO₃, etc., in addition to NaCl) are common. Raman spectroscopic analyses of daughter minerals confirm the presence of alkali-carbonate fluids in some of the earliest inclusions in nepheline, aegirine and albite.

During crystallization, the melts exsolved a high salinity, carbonate-rich magmatic fluid that evolved to lower salinity as crystallization progressed. Phases that occur early in the paragenesis contain high-salinity inclusions while late phases contain low-salinity inclusions. The salinity trend is consistent with experimental data for the partitioning of chlorine between silicic melt and exsolved aqueous fluid at about 2.0 kbars. The activity of water (a_H2O) in the melt increases during crystallization, resulting in the formation of hydrous phases during late-stage crystallization of the nepheline syenites.  相似文献   

Controls on the export of C, N, P and Fe from undisturbed boreal catchments, Finland   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Pirkko Kortelainen  Tuija Mattsson  Leena Finér  Marketta Ahtiainen  Sari Saukkonen  Tapani Sallantaus 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2006,68(4):453-468

Associations between catchment characteristics (altitude, slope, proportion of peatland, site fertility, total stem volume, and its distribution among the main tree species), climatic drivers (temperature sum, latitude, precipitation and runoff) and atmospheric deposition and concentrations and export of C, N, P and Fe in 21 unmanaged boreal catchments (0.07 to 14 km²) were examined in data sets spanning 3 to 32 years. In the entire data base including catchments from southernmost Finland to the Arctic Circle, N and P concentrations were associated with climatic drivers and deposition, while a catchment characteristic, peatland percentage, reflecting topography and site fertility was the best predictor for TOC (total organic carbon) and total Fe concentrations and export. In a subgroup of 18 catchments located in similar climatic conditions and low N deposition in eastern Finland (<600 kg N km^–2 yr^–1), peatland percentage accounted for 52–75% of the export of TOC, TN (total nitrogen), TON (total organic nitrogen), NH4-N and total Fe, while slope was the best predictor of TP (total phosphorus) export (r² = 0.56, p < 0.001). Furthermore, among these 18 catchments TOC export accounted for as much as 95% of the variance in TON export, and 61–73% of the variance in NH4-N, total Fe and TP export. Total stem volume of the tree stands and their distribution between tree species and vegetation types were not important predictors for concentrations/export. The peatland percentage of the 21 catchments ranged widely, from 0 to 88% , with an average value of 34% as in entire Finland. Consequently, among the 21 catchments there was also a large variability both in average TOC and pH, 1.2–30 mg l^–1 and 4.2–7.1, respectively. The average annual TOC export was 6,200 kg km^–2  yr^–1 , significantly lower values were recorded for the export of TN, TP and total Fe (130, 5 and 280 kg km^–2 yr^–1, respectively). N and P export was mainly in an organic form. The TIN (total inorganic N) proportion averaged 13% and elevated NO3-N export occurred only in fertile, high pH sites in southernmost Finland, where stream C/N ratio was lowest. On average, 97% of the TOC, 94% of the TN and 79% of the TP was in a dissolved form. Received: 26 September 2005; revised manuscript accepted: 21 April 2006  相似文献   

Aluminous granulites from the Pulur complex, NE Turkey: a case of partial melting, efficient melt extraction and crystallisation     

Gültekin Topuz  Rainer Altherr  Angelika Kalt  Muharrem Sat&#x;r  Olaf Werner  Winfried H. Schwarz 《Lithos》2004,72(3-4):183-207

In the Pulur complex, NE Turkey, a heterogeneous rock sequence ranging from quartz-rich mesocratic gneisses to silica- and alkali-deficient, Fe-, Mg- and Al-rich melanocratic rocks is characterized by granulite-facies assemblages involving garnet, cordierite, sillimanite, ilmenite, ±spinel, ±plagioclase, ±quartz, ±biotite, ±corundum, rutile and monazite. Textural evidence for partial melting in the aluminous granulites, particularly leucosomes, is largely absent or strongly obliterated by a late-stage hydrothermal overprint. However, inclusion relations, high peak P–T conditions, the refractory modes, bulk and biotite compositions of the melanocratic rocks strongly support a model of partial melting. The melt was almost completely removed from the melanocratic rocks and crystallised within the adjacent mesocratic gneisses which are silica-rich, bear evidence of former feldspar and show a large range in major element concentrations as well as a negative correlation of most elements with SiO₂. Peak conditions are estimated to be ≥800 °C and 0.7–0.8 GPa. Subsequent near-isothermal decompression to 0.4–0.5 GPa at 800–730 °C is suggested by the formation of cordierite coronas and cordierite–spinel symplectites around garnet and in the matrix. Sm–Nd, Rb–Sr and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar isotope data indicate peak conditions at 330 Ma and cooling below 300 °C at 310 Ma.  相似文献   

Support capacity estimation of a diversion tunnel in weak rock   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

A. zsan  H. Ba ar&#x;r 《Engineering Geology》2003,68(3-4):319-331

This paper presents the results of the support capacity estimation for the diversion tunnel of the Uru dam site in highly weathered tuff and weak zone. Tunneling in weak rock requires some special considerations, since misjudgment in support design results in costly failures. There are several ways of estimating rock support pressure and selecting support. However, all systems suffer from their characteristic limitations in achieving objectives. Thus, it is more useful to use different methods for estimating support pressure and type of support. The support pressure p_i was established by three different methods. These methods are the (1) empirical methods based on rock mass rating (RMR) and rock mass quality index (Q-classification systems), (2) ground support interaction analysis (GSIA) and (3) numerical methods, namely, Phase² finite element (FEM) program. Rock masses were characterized in terms of RSR, RMR, Q-system and GSI. Drill-core samples were tested in the rock mechanics laboratory to determine physico-mechanical properties. Rock mass strength was estimated by empirical methods. Finally, the required support system is proposed and evaluated by different methods in the highly weathered tuff and weak zone of the diversion tunnel.  相似文献   

Paleomagnetic reconstruction of the Cenozoic evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean     

C. Kissel  C. Laj  A. Poisson  N. Grür 《Tectonophysics》2003,362(1-4):199-217

A total of 113 paleomagnetic sites were sampled along an Anatolian S–N transect from the Arabian platform, the Hatay region, the Eastern Taurides, the Kirsehir block, the Sivas basin and the Eastern Pontides. Reliable characteristic remanent paleomagnetic directions were retrieved from 37 of these sites, spanning in time from Paleocene to Miocene. In a general way, declinations are westerly deviated and inclinations are shallower than the geocentered dipole value at the present latitudes. When combined with previously published results, these data indicate that a large-scale counterclockwise rotation of Anatolia of some 25° has occurred since the Miocene. Assuming that the pole of rotation of Anatolia with respect to Europe has remained constant in time at the location given by MacClusky et al. [J. Geophys. Res. 105 (2000) 5695] on the basis of the geodetic data, this rotation implies that a large westward displacement (500 km at the average latitude of 40°) has taken place. Assuming that the rotation was initiated by the Arabia/Europe collision about 12 Ma ago, this corresponds to an average displacement of about 40 mm/year.Together with previous results from the western part of the Aegean arc, these results indicate that the main trends of the Cenozoic evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean appear to consist of two post-early Miocene rotations of opposite senses: a clockwise rotation of the western part of the Aegean [Tectonophysics 146 (1988) 183] around a pole situated in northern Albania, and a counterclockwise rotation around the pole given by McClusky et al. [J. Geophys. Res. 105 (2000) 5695]. Comparison with GPS data suggest that both rotations are still active today.  相似文献   

Inverting seismograms of weak events for empirical Green's tensor derivatives     

Vladimír Plicka  & Ji&#;í Zahradník 《Geophysical Journal International》1998,132(3):471-478

Given a station and a suite of clustered weak event records whose focal mechanisms are known, empirical Green's tensor spatial derivatives (EGTD) can be calculated, almost free of the source effects. The inversion method solves an overdetermined system of linear algebraic equations in the frequency domain, and a FFT provides the time histories. They represent a least-squares averaged representation of the path between the station and the entire focal zone, including multiple P and S phases, coda waves, etc. The method can be used for modelling earthquakes whose focal mechanisms are quite different from the weak events employed. This is proved here using both synthetic seismograms and earthquake swarm records with variable focal mechanisms. It is expected that the EGTD method can improve strong motion syntheses and source inversions.  相似文献   

Effects of basin edge on the distribution of damage in 1995 Dinar, Turkey earthquake     

B. S. Bak&#x;r  M. Y. zkan  S. C&#x;l&#x;z 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2002,22(4)

An earthquake of magnitude M_L=5.9 occurred in Dinar, a town located at the edge of an alluvial basin in Southeast Anatolia, Turkey. Inflicted structural damage throughout the town was highly concentrated in a region located on the alluvium and adjacent to the rock outcrop bounding the eastern side of the town. As an attempt to explain this discrepancy, possible effects of the edge of basin on which the town is located were investigated through 1D and 2D response analyses. Response spectra, computed at distinct locations of the town were contrasted to the building damage statistics of the three zones identified in the town. It is found that the 1D analyses considerably underpredict the spectral response in the heavily damaged area. Differences between the spectral responses obtained from the two approaches diminish with increasing distance from the rock outcrop. These results, which indicate that the 2D amplification was significant over a distance from the edge of the basin, provide a meaningful explanation for the observed distribution of damage throughout the town.  相似文献   

Attenuation characteristics of peak ground acceleration from fault trace of the 1999 Kocaeli (Turkey) earthquake and comparison of spectral acceleration with seismic design code     

Yoshimitsu Fukushima  Onur Köse  Tekin Yürür  Philippe Volant  Edward Cushing  Richard Guillande 《Journal of Seismology》2002,6(3):379-396

The 17 August 1999 Kocaeli earthquake in Turkey produced a majorsurface rupture. We traced this surface rupture from Gölcük toDüzce and located it accurately by using GPS. The closest distancefrom the surface rupture to the strong motion observation sites weredetermined. Then the attenuation characteristics of the observed peakground acceleration were compared with the attenuation relation given byFukushima and Tanaka (1992), which is suitable for the near-fault zone inJapan and gives results that closely match data recorded during the 1995Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake in Japan. Although this attenuation relationwas developed for Japan, we found that it agreed well with the KOCAELIearthquake. Furthermore, the observed spectral acceleration of 5%damping was compared with the building design code of Turkey and theobserved level was lower than the code.  相似文献   

Influence of source distance and depth on the branches ofPKP waves     

Jaromír Janský  Libuše Ruprechtová  Bernd Tittel  Reviewer A. Zátopek 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1979,23(2):144-149

Summary The average dependence of the calibration function q and the travel-time residuals rc="/content/q4332102236200vh/xxlarge916.gif" alt="Delta" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">t on the depth and distance of the source has been derived for individual branches of PKP waves using earthquakes from the SW Pacific Ocean (distance interval 147°–159°, depths 0–700 km). The analysis of very distant shocks of all depths according to the regional PKP travel time tables can be completed by the magnitude determination.  相似文献   

Release test with electromagnetic seismograph     

Vladimír Tobyáš  Reviewer J. Buben 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1979,23(4):322-332

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