排序方式： 共有19条查询结果，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
《国际泥沙研究》2020,35(2):115-124
Bed-load transport plays a critical role in river morphological change and has an important impact on river ecology.Although there is good understanding of the role of the variation of river bed grain size on transport dynamics in equilibrium conditions,much less is understood for non-equilibrium conditions when the channel is either aggrading or degrading.In particular,the relative role of different grain sizes in the promotion and hindering of the transport of coarse and fine fractions in a degrading channel has yet to be investigated.The current study attempts to provide new understanding through a series of flume experiments done using uniform and graded sediment particles.The experiments revealed coarser grain-size fractions for a poorly-sorted sediment,relative to uniform-sized sediment,reduced the transport of finer grains and finer fractions enhanced the transport of coarse grains.This hinderingpromotion effect,caused by relative hiding and exposure of finer and coarse fractions,increased with bed slope and decreased with relative submergence.In particular,as relative submergence increased,the graded fractions tended towards behaving more like their unifo rm-sized counterparts.Also,the bed-load parameter of the graded fractions increased more with a rise in bed slope than observed for the uniformsized counterparts.These results revealed,for degrading channel conditions,such as downstream of a dam,bed-load equations developed for uniform bed sediment are inappropriate for use in natural river systems,particularly in mountain streams.Furthermore,changes in river bed composition due to activities that enhance the input of hill-slope sediment,such as fire,logging,and agricultural development,are likely to cause significant changes in river morphology. 相似文献
2.
In a high-level radioactive waste (HLW) repository, pH has an impact on the solubility, migration, and adsorption of radionuclides. Thus, understanding the effects of pH on the diffusion of radionuclides is essential for long-term disposal of HLW. In this work, the diffusion behaviors of Re(VII) and Se(IV) in compacted Gaomiaozi (GMZ) bentonite at different pH have been investigated by a through-diffusion method. The effective diffusion coefficient, i.e., De values of Re(VII) and Se(IV) were in the range of (1.0–2.4) × 10−11 m2/s at pH 3.0–10.0 and (0.38–2.3) × 10−11 m2/s at pH 3.0–9.0. In the case of Re(VII), the De values remained almost unchanged probably because ReO4− was the dominant species in the pH range of 3.0–10.0. In the case of Se(IV), whose predominant species were HSeO3− at pH < 9.0 and SeO32− at pH ≥ 9.0, the De values decreased by a factor of 3–6 at pH 9.0, i.e., De (pH < 9.0)/De (pH 9.0) ≈ 3–6, implying that the species with a higher valence state had a stronger anion exclusion effect. The decrease in De values can be explained by the diffusion species of Se(IV). Additionally, the rock capacity factor α decreased with the increase of pH. HSeO3− was absorbed on GMZ bentonite with distribution coefficient Kd values in the range of (1.0–2.5) × 10−4 m3/kg at pH ≤ 8.0, whereas SeO32− was negligibly sorbed at pH > 8.0. 相似文献
3.
4.
挟沙水流中泥沙颗粒的存在将影响水流的紊动结构,并进一步影响水流流速分布。采用超声流速仪MicroADV测量挟沙水流的时均流速沿垂线分布,分析了在不同水力条件、不同泥沙条件(包括泥沙浓度及颗粒粒径)下泥沙与水流相互作用对流速沿垂线分布的影响,在此基础上,考虑到现有流速分布公式在实际河道水流流速沿垂线分布中的应用,提出新的指数型流速分布公式形式;并根据实验资料,初步检验了该公式的精度,同时分析了指数型流速公式中系数k和指数m随泥沙浓度s、粒径d以及水力条件的变化规律。结果表明:系数k随泥沙浓度的增加而增大,同时水力条件以及泥沙颗粒粒径同样也影响着k的变化;而指数m随粒径d的增大而减小,随泥沙浓度s的增加而增大。 相似文献
5.
6.
西藏地区气温、降水及相对湿度的趋势分析 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
采用非参数统计检验方法（Mann-Kendall法）对西藏地区25个气象站1960—2001年的气温、降水和相对湿度3个气候要素的长期变化趋势进行了分析。结果表明：近42年来西藏地区气候表现出向暖湿型发展的趋势,即有气温逐渐升高、降雨量和相对湿度逐渐增加的趋势;西藏地区的暖湿现象主要发生在秋季,春季增幅小于秋季,夏季表现出一定的暖干趋势;冬季为明显增温,但湿度变化不明显。42年来西藏地区年平均气温、降水和相对湿度的Kendall倾斜度值分别为0.31℃/10a、0.96mm/a和0.3%/10a。通过非参数检验分析可知,秋、冬两季气温的上升趋势相对较强,尤其是冬季增温最为显著;夏季降水呈减少趋势,其余季节均表现出不同程度的上升趋势;夏季存在减湿现象,而春、秋两季则表现出较明显的增湿现象。 相似文献
7.
《Applied Geochemistry》2003,18(10):1653-1662
The through- and out-diffusion of HTO, 36Cl− and 125I− in Opalinus Clay, an argillaceous rock from the northern part of Switzerland, was studied under different confining pressures between 4 and 15 MPa. The direction of diffusion and the confining pressure were perpendicular to the bedding. Confining pressure had only a small effect on diffusion. An increase in pressure from 4 to 15 MPa resulted in a decrease of the effective diffusion coefficient of ∼20%. Diffusion accessible porosities were not measurably affected. The values of the effective diffusion coefficients, De, ranged between (5.6±0.4)×10−12 and (6.7±0.4)×10−12 m2 s−1 for HTO, (7.1±0.5)×10−13 and (9.1±0.6)×10−13 m2 s−1 for 36Cl− and (4.5±0.3)×10−13 and (6.6±0.4)×10−13 m2 s−1 for 125I−. The rock capacity factors, α, measured were circa 0.14 for HTO, 0.040 for 36Cl− and 0.080 for 125I−. Because of anion exclusion effects, anions diffuse slower and exhibit smaller diffusion accessible porosities than the uncharged HTO. Unlike 36Cl−, 125I− sorbs weakly on Opalinus Clay resulting in a larger rock capacity factor. The sorption coefficient, Kd, for 125I− is of the order of 1–2×10−5 m3 kg−1. The effective diffusion coefficient for HTO is in good agreement with values measured in other sedimentary rocks and can be related to the porosity using Archie's Law with exponent m=2.5. 相似文献
8.
青藏高原号称"亚洲水塔",是典型的高寒山区,其广泛存在的积雪、多年和季节冻土,影响了整个区域的水循环过程;青藏高原具有土层较薄、下伏砂砾石层较厚的特点,形成了特殊的"积雪-土壤-砂砾石层"水热介质结构。为深入研究青藏高原的水循环机理,本文选取尼洋河流域作为典型区,基于野外冻土水热耦合试验,结合青藏高原地质及气候特点,构建了包含12层"积雪-土壤-砂砾石层"连续体的青藏高原水热耦合模型,描述了完整的水热耦合模拟方程和参数计算方法。采用2016-2017年冻结融化期0~160 cm深度内的土壤和砂砾石层的温度、液态含水率和冻结深度的实测结果对模型进行了验证,各层温度模拟R2均值为0.91,冻结融化期内液态含水率模拟R2均值为0.52,土壤冻结深度模拟R2值为0.76。结果表明该模型在青藏高原地区有较好的适用性,可反映该地区冻结融化过程中土壤和砂砾石层水分与温度的特殊变化规律。 相似文献
9.
极限承载力一直是采矿、岩土等领域关注的难点和热点问题,严重影响着边坡与邻坡建（构）筑物的安全稳定性。基于极限分析上限定理,考虑边坡滑动溢出位置不确定性影响,建立3种模式的非均质成层边坡刚性多滑块破坏机制,推导出边坡极限承载力上限解,并采用序列二次规划算法（SQP）求其最优值。以三岔露天矿北帮为工程背景,通过与数值计算结果对比分析,验证本文方法的有效性,进而开展不同坡角和排土场距坡肩距离影响分析。结果表明：（1）本文方法计算结果与数值计算结果吻合度较好,表明本文方法边坡极限承载力上限解合理有效;（2）边坡极限承载力与坡角大小呈线性负相关,与排土场距坡肩距离呈线性正相关,相比于排土场距坡肩距离而言,坡角对边坡承载力影响更为敏感;（3）坡角变化对边坡失稳模式影响较大,而排土场距坡肩距离的变化对边坡失稳模式影响不明显;（4）坡角和排土场距坡肩距离均对滑裂面起始位置和溢出位置有影响,滑裂面起始位置受排土场距坡肩距离影响较大而受坡角影响较小,滑裂面溢出位置受坡角影响较大而受排土场距坡肩距离影响较小。相关研究成果有望为边坡及邻坡基础设计提供理论支持。 相似文献
10.
Pan Yucong Liu Quansheng Liu Qi Bo Yin Liu Jianping Peng Xingxin Cai Tao 《Acta Geotechnica》2022,17(2):653-676
Acta Geotechnica - Many methods have been proposed to predict the field excavation performance of tunnel boring machine (TBM). They can usually predict the general trends of the field rock cutting... 相似文献