排序方式： 共有12条查询结果，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
The urban transition almost always involves wrenching social adjustment as small agricultural communities are forced to adjust rapidly to industrial ways of life. Large-scale in-migration of young people, usually from poor regions, creates enormous demand and expectations for community and social services. One immediate problem planners face in approaching this challenge is how to define, differentiate, and map what is rural, urban, and transitional (i.e., peri-urban). This project established an urban classification for Vietnam by using national census and remote sensing data to identify and map the smallest administrative units for which data are collected as rural, peri-urban, urban, or urban core. We used both natural and human factors in the quantitative model: income from agriculture, land under agriculture and forests, houses with modern sanitation, and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. Model results suggest that in 2006, 71% of Vietnam's 10,891 communes were rural, 18% peri-urban, 3% urban, and 4% urban core. Of the communes our model classified as peri-urban, 61% were classified by the Vietnamese government as rural. More than 7% of Vietnam's land area can be classified as peri-urban and approximately 13% of its population (more than 11 million people) lives in peri-urban areas. We identified and mapped three types of peri-urban places: communes in the periphery of large towns and cities; communes along highways; and communes associated with provincial administration or home to industrial, energy, or natural resources projects (e.g., mining). We validated this classification based on ground observations, analyses of multi-temporal night-time lights data, and an examination of road networks. The model provides a method for rapidly assessing the rural–urban nature of places to assist planners in identifying rural areas undergoing rapid change with accompanying needs for investments in building, sanitation, road infrastructure, and government institutions. 相似文献
2.
PM2.5和O3已经成为汾渭平原城市最主要的污染物,两者之间相互影响,在暖季经常同时出现构成污染,其污染程度与气象条件密切相关。利用2015—2021年汾渭平原12个城市逐日PM2.5和O3浓度、地面气象观测数据以及ERA5高空再分析数据等资料,分析了汾渭平原PM2.5和O3的时空变化特征以及复合污染发生时PM2.5和O3的关系,并研究了局地气象条件和天气形势对复合污染的影响。结果显示,该地区年均PM2.5和日最大8小时O3浓度分别在2017年和2018年开始持续下降,复合污染日数也在2019年后开始持续下降;复合污染主要发生在3—9月,在汾渭平原东部城市出现次数较多,多出现在高温、低湿的环境下;最后利用T-PCA算法(正交主成分分析)将复合污染的天气环流形势分为4种类型,主要呈现出以高空西北气流或偏西气流、低层为暖区偏南风或微风为主的天气特征。研究结果对汾渭平原的大气... 相似文献
3.
The assimilation of Earth observation (EO) data into crop models has proven to be an efficient way to improve yield prediction at a regional scale by estimating key unknown crop management practices. However, the efficiency of prediction depends on the uncertainty associated with the data provided to crop models, particularly climatic data and soil physical properties. In this study, the performance of the STICS (Simulateur mulTIdisciplinaire pour les Cultures Standard) crop model for predicting corn yield after assimilation of leaf area index derived from EO data was evaluated under different scenarios. The scenarios were designed to examine the impact of using fine-resolution soil physical properties, as well as the impact of using climatic data from either one or four weather stations across the region of interest. The results indicate that when only one weather station was used, the average annual yield by producer was predicted well (absolute error <5%), but the spatial variability lacked accuracy (root mean square error = 1.3 t ha−1). The model root mean square error for yield prediction was highly correlated with the distance between the weather stations and the fields, for distances smaller than 10 km, and reached 0.5 t ha−1 for a 5-km distance when fine-resolution soil properties were used. When four weather stations were used, no significant improvement in model performance was observed. This was because of a marginal decrease (30%) in the average distance between fields and weather stations (from 10 to 7 km). However, the yield predictions were improved by approximately 15% with fine-resolution soil properties regardless of the number of weather stations used. The impact of the uncertainty associated with the EO-derived soil textures and the impact of alterations in rainfall distribution were also evaluated. A variation of about 10% in any of the soil physical textures resulted in a change in dry yield of 0.4 t ha−1. Changes in rainfall distribution between two abundant rainfalls during the growing season led to a significant change in yield (0.5 t ha−1 on average). Our results highlight the importance of using fine-resolution gridded daily precipitation data to capture spatial variations of rainfall as well as using fine-resolution soil properties instead of coarse-resolution soil properties from the Canadian soil dataset, especially for regions with high pedodiversity. 相似文献
4.
数值预报是研究地球系统的重要工具,有助于加深科学家对大气、海洋、气候和环境等复杂系统之间相互作用和变化过程的理解,在防灾减灾、气候变化和环境治理等方面发挥着不可或缺的作用。随着模式复杂度和分辨率的提高,传统数值模式在气候变化研究和气候预测方面取得了迅速的进展,但也面临一些挑战,需要得到数据同化、集合耦合、高性能计算和不确定性分析等多方面的支持。而近年来,“AI+气象”的交叉研究在气象领域引起了广泛关注。基于多种深度学习架构的人工智能大模型,依托强大的计算资源和海量的数据进行训练,能够以新的科学范式进行高效数值预报。气象大模型不断涌现,一些科技公司如华为、英伟达、DeepMind、谷歌、微软等,以及国内外高校如清华大学、复旦大学、密歇根大学、莱斯大学等发布了多个涵盖临近预报、短时预报、中期预报和延伸期预报等不同领域的气象大模型。这标志着人工智能与气象领域的交叉融合已经达到新的高度。尽管气象大模型在现阶段取得了较大突破,但其发展仍然面临弱可解释性、泛化能力不足、极端事件预报强度偏低、智能预报结果过平滑、深度学习框架能力需要拓展等诸多挑战。 相似文献
5.
6.
2021年,国家自然科学基金委员会进行了大气科学学科资助布局改革,形成了分属于“分支学科”“支撑技术”和“发展领域”三大板块的共15个二级申请代码的全新资助体系。作为“支撑技术”板块中的重要成员,“D0510大气数据与信息技术”申请代码旨在鼓励先进技术与方法的创新以及大气学科基础理论与技术的交叉融合。本文从改革背景、逻辑框架、内涵构成等方面对新编“D0510大气数据与信息技术”申请代码的四大类研究方向及关键词进行了专门解读,阐明了D0510主要侧重于提高包容性与覆盖面的设计思路,强调了D0510对“卡脖子”关键技术和潜在“颠覆性”技术的引领作用。本文对往年D0510各方向关键词的基金申请和文献使用情况进行了统计分析,以帮助相关科研人员及时把握D0510申请代码的发展趋势,充分理解研究方向与关键词的内涵和逻辑关系,避免研究方向和关键词的选取过于集中或者与其它板块申请代码间产生混淆等问题,从而为更准确地选择相应的研究方向与关键词提供参考。 相似文献
7.
《Water Policy》2001,3(3):229-255
This paper examines the evolution structure and characteristics of the management systems of 12 transboundary river basins: The Mekong, Indus, Ganges–Brahmaputra, the Nile, Jordan, Danube, Elbe, Rio Grande and Colorado, Rio de la Plata, Senegal and Niger. The paper presents the legal principles which guide the legal regime of the studied rivers, particularly the principle of equitable use of transboundary water resources and the obligation not to cause harm in the management of transboundary water resources. The practice of management in the abovementioned rivers is divided into three categories:(a) Treaties and agreements stopping short of allocating water between riparian states such as free navigation treaties or institutions which were established for a sole purpose such as combating pollution (Elbe, Danube, Rhine).(b) Treaties and agreements allocating water between states (the Indus, Nile, Ganges, Jordan).(c) Agreements for joint management of internationally shared waters (Colorado and Rio Grande, Mekong, Senegal and Niger).Some of the institutions discussed in this paper have evolved only after a long conflict (Indus, Ganges, Jordan) and that there is a danger of adopting institutions for only a portion of a river basin (Mekong, Nile). The success of institutions which were founded on basin-wide joint management lie in their territorial coverage and broad functional frameworks. These institutions also reflect, in the best way, the current legal norms in the management of transboundary water resources. 相似文献
8.
为达到提高强横风天气条件下高速公路不同类型汽车安全、高效行车的目的,采用工程气象学、流体力学、风监测技术、公路工程技术、空气动力学及概率论相结合的方法,以新疆“五横七纵”高速公路沿线100多个气象站近50 a（1961-2010年）大风日数资料,选取50个有自记记录气象站场次强风资料,以及沿线7个6要素5层梯度风1 a监测资料、10个铁塔梯度风和30个大风监测站近10 a（2001-2010年）监测资料,进行信息化和规范化整编。在大量详实资料基础上,对高速公路沿线最大瞬时风速的空间分布、垂直分布、水平分布进行系统分析和研究。采用三级区划指标体系,等概率分区原则, 将新疆高速公路沿线风害危险区划分为5个大区,Ⅰ特强重大危险区、Ⅱ 强重大危险区、Ⅲ 重大危险区、Ⅳ 中度危险区、Ⅴ 较轻危险区。提出了新疆高速公路强横风区间安全行车防护对策由风害防控信息管理技术和防风栅防护技术组成。并将风害防控信息管理技术规则中等概分区界限值（阈值）与现场强横风监测结果进行验证。研究结果表明：当瞬时风速＜12.0 m/s,不同类型车辆正常运行;12.0 m/s≤瞬时风速＜17.0 m/s,小客车停运,大货车限速60 km/h;17.0 m/s≤瞬时风速＜20.0 m/s,大货车停行;20.0 m/s≤速瞬时风速＜25.0 m/s,大客车、大卡车限速60 km/h以下;速瞬时风速≥25.0 m/s,大客车、大卡车停运。以概率风险不同级别的形式来反映最大瞬时风速在线路上的规律性,它含盖50 a最大风险。为高速公路汽车安全运行以及公路风害防控技术提供理论支撑。 相似文献
9.
With the availability of high frequent satellite data, crop phenology could be accurately mapped using time-series remote sensing data. Vegetation index time-series data derived from AVHRR, MODIS, and SPOT-VEGETATION images usually have coarse spatial resolution. Mapping crop phenology parameters using higher spatial resolution images (e.g., Landsat TM-like) is unprecedented. Recently launched HJ-1 A/B CCD sensors boarded on China Environment Satellite provided a feasible and ideal data source for the construction of high spatio-temporal resolution vegetation index time-series. This paper presented a comprehensive method to construct NDVI time-series dataset derived from HJ-1 A/B CCD and demonstrated its application in cropland areas. The procedures of time-series data construction included image preprocessing, signal filtering, and interpolation for daily NDVI images then the NDVI time-series could present a smooth and complete phenological cycle. To demonstrate its application, TIMESAT program was employed to extract phenology parameters of crop lands located in Guanzhong Plain, China. The small-scale test showed that the crop season start/end derived from HJ-1 A/B NDVI time-series was comparable with local agro-metrological observation. The methodology for reconstructing time-series remote sensing data had been proved feasible, though forgoing researches will improve this a lot in mapping crop phenology. Last but not least, further studies should be focused on field-data collection, smoothing method and phenology definitions using time-series remote sensing data. 相似文献
10.