Dependence of wheat and rice respiration on tissue nitrogen and the corresponding net carbon fixation efficiency under different rates of nitrogen application     

Sun Wenjuan  Huang Yao  Chen Shutao  Zou Jianwen  Zheng Xunhua 《大气科学进展》2007,24(3):538

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大气季节内振荡的数值模拟 II. 全球变暖的影响     

俞永强  蒋国荣  何金海 《大气科学》2007,31(4):577-585

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室（LASG）发展的耦合气候模式FGOALS1.0_g控制试验、二氧化碳（CO2）浓度加倍试验模拟结果及实测结果（NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料）研究了全球变暖对大气季节内振荡（ISO）特征变化的影响。通过对比分析控制试验、二氧化碳浓度加倍试验模拟结果及观测结果发现:（1）FGOALS1.0_g耦合气候模式具有一定的模拟季节内振荡的能力，主要表现为模式能够模拟出ISO活跃区的位置、中心位置的季节变动以及强度的季节变化，其缺陷是模拟的ISO强度偏弱，模拟的ISO周期不显著且偏高频；（2）实测资料诊断分析得到的近六十年来偏暖阶段ISO活跃区强度增强及范围扩大可能不是人类活动影响使温室气体增加所导致的，它可能是大气ISO本身的年代际尺度变化；（3）近六十年来纬向东传波（西传波）的能量的存在增长（减少）趋势的主要原因可能是人类活动影响引起温室气体增加所导致的；（4）由于FGOALS1.0_g耦合气候模式在模拟ISO主周期及强度方面时存在不足，因此实测结果诊断分析得到的偏暖阶段ISO小波能量强，主周期范围大，偏冷阶段反之的结论用FGOALS1.0_g耦合气候模式尚难以证实。  相似文献   

2003年8～9月北京及周边地区云系微物理飞机探测研究   总被引：7，自引：4，他引：7  

张佃国  郭学良  付丹红 《大气科学》2007,31(4):596-610

对2003年8～9月北京及周边地区4次飞机探测结果，特别对资料较完整的8月15日的层积云（Sc）和9月4日的层状云（St）系进行了较详细的分析。结果表明，FSSP－100测量的小云粒子（云滴、冰晶）最大浓度的变化范围从Sc云的120 cm-3到深厚高层云（As）的183 cm-3，平均直径7.22～16.05 μm。2D－GA2探头观测的冰粒子最大浓度变化范围从2.25×10-3 cm-3到3.29×10-1 cm-3。机载King热线液态水含量仪（King－LWC）的最大含水量变化范围为0.42～0.69 g/m3。St云垂直和水平分布不均匀特性很明显，高空（-10℃层以上）有较大的小云粒子浓度，达到120 cm-3以上，尺度也比较大，最大值为20 μm。云中液态水含量随高度缓慢减小，基本处于0.1～0.2 g/m3的范围。在-5.9～-8℃层，主要是柱状冰晶和少量结淞体，-8～-12℃层显示基本为结淞粒子，-20℃层左右表现出较多的枝状冰粒子。大冰粒子浓度基本在0.01～1 L-1左右。Sc云和St云的平均谱存在明显的差异。Sc云系的大粒子不同层的平均谱很相似，为单峰分布，谱宽达到1500 μm。越到云低层，云粒子浓度越低。St云系的大粒子不同层的谱分布差异比较大，云中在0～-8℃和-8～-12℃层，直径小于400 μm的粒子谱型基本相似，大于400 μm的大粒子谱分布差异较大，-8～-12℃层有明显的双峰分布特征，而0～-8℃呈现多峰特征，谱宽达到1300～1400 μm。  相似文献   

Testing the Ability of Numerical Model to Simulate Climate and Its Change With 4D-EOF Analysis     

ZHAO Deming  SU Bingkai  TANG Jianping 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2007,21(2):179-191

The four-dimensional empirical orthogonal function (4D-EOF), which in reality is a simple combination of three-dimensional EOF (3D-EOF) and extended EOF (EEOF), is put forward in this paper to test the ability of numerical model to simulate climate and its change. The 4D-E0F analysis is able to reveal not only the horizontal characteristic pattern of analyzed variable, and its corresponding annual and inter-annual variations, but also the vertical structural characteristics. The method suggested is then used to analyze the monthly mean 100-, 500-, 70G-, and 1000-hPa geopotential height fields (4941 grids and grid spacing 60 km) and their anomaly fields in 1989-1998 simulated by the MM5V3 from the RMIP (Regional Climate Model Inter-comparison Project for East Asia)-II, as well as their counterparts (used as the observed fields) from the NCEP/NCAR re-analysis dataset in the same period. The ability of MM5V3 in simulating East Asian climate and its change is tested by comparing the 4D-EOF analysis results of the simulated and observed datasets. The comparative analyzed results show that the horizontal pattern of the first eigenvector of the observed monthly mean geopotential height fields and its vertical equivalent barotropic feature were well simulated; the simulations of the first two eigenvectors of the observed monthly mean geopotential height anomaly fields were also successful for their horizontal abnormal distributions and significant equivalent barotropic features in the vertical were well reproduced; and furthermore, the observed characteristics, such as the variation with height, the annual and inter-annual variations of the monthly mean geopotential height/anomaly fields were also well reflected in the simulation. Therefore, the 4D-EOF is able to comprehensively test numerical model's ability of simulating the climate and its change, and the simulation ability of MM5V3 for the climate and its change in East Asia in the 1990s was satisfactory.  相似文献   

Roles of Mesoscale Terrain and Latent Heat Release in Typhoon Precipitation： A Numerical Case Study     

李昀英  黄伟  赵焦枝 《大气科学进展》2007,24(1):35-43

The mesoscale orographic effects on typhoon Aere＇s precipitation are simulated using an Advanced Regional Eta-coordinate Model （AREM） version 3.0. In particular, the effects of the latent heat release are studied by two comparable experiments： with and without condensational heating. The results show that the typhoon rainfall is tripled by the southeastern China mesoscale terrain, and the condensational heating is responsible for at least half of the increase. One role of the latent heat release is to warm the atmosphere, leading to a depression of the surface pressure, which then causes a larger pressure difference in the zonal direction. This pressure gradient guides the water vapour to flow into the foothills, which in turn amplifies the water vapour flux divergence amplified, causing the typhoon rainfall to increase eventually. The other role of the latent heat release is to make the convection more organized, resulting in a relatively smaller rain area and stronger precipitation.  相似文献   

初值不确定性对暴雨数值预报影响的初步研究     

徐幼平  姜洪峰  李鲲  程锐 《湖北气象》2007,26(1):21-28

为了研究初值不确定性对我国南方暴雨数值预报的影响,依据历史降水资料的统计分型,选取华南暴雨型、江淮暴雨型和黄淮暴雨型等三类型中具有代表性的暴雨过程,采用AREM模式以不同资料分析场(常规观测资料、NCEP和ERA40同化分析资料)作为初值进行暴雨预报对比试验。试验结果表明,对于各类型暴雨,不同资料初值的差异都会引起暴雨数值预报结果的较大差异;在此基础上,采用经验正交函数(EOF)分析方法,分析了各类暴雨初值误差及其变化信息,从中提取出主要的误差分量,并对这类误差的数值预报影响进行了敏感性试验和预报验证,结果显示,寻找和消除主要的初值误差,对改进暴雨数值预报结果具有重要作用。  相似文献   

A quarter century of TOMS total column ozone measurements over Brazil     

《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2007,69(12):1447-1458

The Earth's atmosphere has been probed since 1978 by the total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) experiment. In polar orbits around the Earth, Nimbus 7, Meteor 3, and Earth Probe satellites have carried TOMS to measure the backscattered solar ultraviolet radiation, which is processed by Version 8 TOMS algorithm for the retrieval of column ozone values. These TOMS data and their behavior are reported and investigated in this work for some sites in the equatorial and tropical zones of Brazil. Comparison with measurements from Brewer and Dobson spectrophotometers in some cases is provided. An average difference as low as 1.5% between TOMS and Brewer measurements was obtained. In addition, more than two decades of TOMS monthly average column ozone measurements were applied to the calculation of ozone trends. Although small and in general negative, these trends were statistically significant for all sites in the winter season.  相似文献   

Anomalous night-time peaks in diurnal variations of NmF2 close to the geomagnetic equator: A statistical study     

《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2007,69(15):1871-1883

We present a study of anomalous night-time NmF2 peaks, ANNPs, observed by the La Paz, Natal, Djibouti, Kodaikanal, Madras, Manila, Talara, and Huancayo–Jicamarca ionosonde stations close to the geomagnetic equator. It is shown for the first time that the probabilities of occurrence of the first and second ANNPs depend on the geomagnetic longitude, and there is a longitude sector close to 110° geomagnetic longitude where the first and second ANNPs occur less frequently in comparison with the longitude regions located close to and below about 34° geomagnetic longitude and close to and above about 144° geomagnetic longitude. The found frequencies of occurrence of the ANNPs increase with increasing solar activity, except of the Djibouti and Kodaikanal ionosonde stations, where the probability of the first ANNP occurrence is found to decrease with increasing solar activity from low to moderate solar activity, and except of the Natal ionosonde station, where the frequencies of occurrence of the first and second ANNPs decrease with increasing solar activity from moderate to high solar activity. We found that the occurrence probabilities of ANNPs during geomagnetically disturbed conditions are greater than those during geomagnetically quiet conditions. The ANNP probabilities are largest in summer and are lowest in winter for the La-Paz, Talara, and Huancayo–Jicamarca sounders. These probabilities are lowest in summer for the Djibouti, Madras, and Manila ionosonde stations, and in spring for the Kodaikanal sounder. The maximums in the probabilities are found to be in autumn for the Djibouti, Madras, and Manila ionosonde stations, and in winter for the Kodaikanal sounder.  相似文献   

利用多角度POLDER偏振资料实现陆地上空大气气溶胶光学厚度和地表反照率的同时反演 I. 理论与模拟          下载免费PDF全文

段民征  吕达仁 《大气科学》2007,31(5):757-765

陆地上空标量辐射对地表反射率和大气气溶胶散射都具有很强的敏感性,而偏振反射只对大气气溶胶敏感,对地表不敏感。根据这个原理并结合POLDER(POLarization and Directionality of Earth Reflectance)资料的特点,作者提出综合利用标量辐射和偏振反射信息来实现陆地上空大气气溶胶和地表反照率的同时反演。首先,利用多角度偏振辐射观测提取大气气溶胶光学参数,再利用标量辐射测量对偏振反演结果作进一步筛选和订正,同时获得地表反射率。数值模拟试验结果证明,仅利用偏振信息只能获取大气气溶胶信息,而且其结果误差较大,特别是对于散射作用较强的短波长通道如670 nm误差更大,但经过标量辐射订正后的结果得到明显改善,气溶胶光学厚度和地表反射率与真实值之间相关系数都达到0.99以上。为提高查找表的计算效率,提出并建立了反演方案所需要的半参数化数值表,利用内插方法寻求气溶胶光学厚度和地表反射率的数值解的反演方法。  相似文献   

MCZT在气枪震源信号频谱分析中的应用          下载免费PDF全文

董明荣  符力耘  杨军  李孝宾  叶泵  张艳  魏伟  卢晓林 《地震工程学报》2020,42(3):646-652

气枪震源信号是短时非平稳信号,采用频谱细化算法能提高频谱分析的准确性。首先进行了改进线性调频Z变换(MCZT)和FFT两种频谱分析算法的误差仿真计算,然后进行气枪震源的水下子波信号和地震波信号的对比计算。结果表明MCZT计算误差较小、计算时间较少,能有效提高气枪震源信号频率和幅度特征提取的准确性,是气枪震源信号频谱特征分析的一个有效方法。  相似文献