Long-term measurement of carbon metabolism of old-growth forests is critical to predict their behaviors and to reduce the uncertainties of carbon accounting under changing climate. Eddy covariance technology was applied to investigate the long-term carbon exchange over a 200 year-old Chinese broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest in the Changbai Mountains (128°28′E and 42°24′N, Jilin Province, P. R. China) since August 2002. On the data obtained with open-path eddy covariance system and CO2 profile measurement system from Jan. 2003 to Dec. 2004, this paper reports (i) annual and seasonal variation of FNEE, FGPP and RE; (ii) regulation of environmental factors on phase and amplitude of ecosystem CO2 uptake and release Corrections due to storage and friction velocity were applied to the eddy carbon flux.
LAI and soil temperature determined the seasonal and annual dynamics of FGPP and RE separately. VPD and air temperature regulated ecosystem photosynthesis at finer scales in growing seasons. Water condition at the root zone exerted a significant influence on ecosystem maintenance carbon metabolism of this forest in winter.
The forest was a net sink of atmospheric CO2 and sequestered −449 g C·m−2 during the study period; −278 and −171 gC·m−2 for 2003 and 2004 respectively. FGPP and FRE over 2003 and 2004 were −1332, −1294 g C·m−2. and 1054, 1124 g C·m−2 respectively. This study shows that old-growth forest can be a strong net carbon sink of atmospheric CO2.
There was significant seasonal and annual variation in carbon metabolism. In winter, there was weak photosynthesis while the ecosystem emitted CO2. Carbon exchanges were active in spring and fall but contributed little to carbon sequestration on an annual scale. The summer is the most significant season as far as ecosystem carbon balance is concerned. The 90 days of summer contributed 66.9, 68.9% of FGPP, and 60.4, 62.1% of RE of the entire year.
We carried out a series of linear stability analyses of the radial and low-degree non-radial p modes for stellar models with initial masses of . The stellar models were computed by using convective overshoot distance , 0.25 and 0.40 H P. Our numerical results show that the β Cephei instability strip forms a horn-shaped region pointing upwards near the main sequence on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram (HRD). The lower part of the instability strip for the radial modes join the zero-age main-sequence (ZAMS) at , while the top of the instability strip extends up to . The instability strip for the non-radial modes is even wider. The overall instability strip is dominated by the radial and non-radial fundamental modes. The first overtone (the radial-order index is also pulsationally unstable. We have shown that the β Cephei stability is almost independent of the overshoot parameter d over used for the stellar models, while it depends critically on the metal abundance. With decreasing metal abundance, the instability region shrinks and eventually disappears for . 相似文献
1 INTRODUCTIONGlobal change research involves much geo-objectsand geo-process, such as climate and environmentalchange, substance and energy cycling, land-use/land-cover change (LUCC), interactivity between human and nature, etc.. So it need cooperation frommany research communities including international research programs groups such as IGBP (InternationalGeosphere-Biosphere Programme IPCC (Intergovemmental Panel on Climate Change), IHDP (InternationalHuman Dimension Program o… 相似文献
Substantial changes are taking place in the coastal landscape as a result of rapid urbanization. A series of environmental and resource problems have emerged owing to rapid urban development, including encroachment of agricultural land, land reclamation, silt deposition in rivers, and severe flooding. These problems have had a significant impact on sustainable development in Lingding Bay, the largest estuary of the Pearl River. This paper demonstrates that remote sensing can be effective in monitoring the dynamics of coastal zones, such as coastline movement, urban expansion, land-use changes, and migration of shoals and deep-water channels. Remote sensing data from 1978 to 1998 were used to detect the accelerating changes that have taken place in the study area. A hybrid approach has proved to be an effective way of improving remote sensing image classification, with multi-temporal compound imaging, for coastal change analysis. Geographic information system (Intergraph's modular GIS environment, MGE) software was used to assist planners in the analysis of such changes, by combining the maps from 1974, 1989 to 1997 and integrating the multiple (spatial and attribute) databases. The result demonstrates that: (1) the Pearl River estuary is being reclaimed, estuarine waterways are getting narrower; the area of water near Humen town has narrowed by 4–6 km; (2) shoals in Lingding Bay have reduced the area of water by 114 km2 over the past 23 years; the area of deep-water channels has declined by ∼24 km2, even with dredging; on average, the area of water has decreased by 5.9 km2 annually; western channels migrated eastwards 0.8 and 1.1 km during the first and second 10-year period, respectively; according to this scenario, the western channel will disappear from Lingding Bay in approximately 183 years; (3) land-use changes: 92% of shoal reclamation occurred in the 1980s and 80% of waterway reclamation happened during the 1990s; Panyu District of Guangzhou city leads the table in land reclamation, Zhongshan city is second, and Zhuhai city third; the area of reclamation in the last 10 years is slightly more (1.18 times) than in the previous 10 years, in particular, there was a 1.6- and 1.8-fold increase, respectively, for the Zhongshan and Zhuhai coastal regions; at the current rate of reclamation, Tangjia Bay in Zhuhai and Jiaoyi Bay in Dongwan will vanish in approximately 25 and 70 years, respectively; the decline of the bays will cause large-scale destruction of the aquatic environment—the consequences should not be ignored. The impact of such changes on flood control and prevention, and coastal planning, are also discussed. We stress the importance of regulating and controlling the long-term development of coastal areas in the Pearl River Delta. 相似文献
The migration of strong earthquakes is an important research topic because the migration phenomena reflect partly the seismic mechanism and involve the prediction of tendency of seismic activity. Research on migration of strong earthquakes has mostly focused on finding the phenomena. Some attempts on getting regularity were comparatively subjective. This paper suggests that there should be indices of migration in earthquake dataset and the indexes should have statistical meaning if there is regularity in the migration of strong earthquakes. In this study, three derivative attributes of migration, i.e., migration orientation, migration distance and migration time interval, were statistically analyzed. Results in the North China region show that the migration of strong earthquakes has statistical meaning. There is a dominant migration orientation (W by S to E by N), a dominant distance (≤100km and on the confines of 300~700km), and a dominant time interval (≤1a and on the confines of 3~4a). The results also show that the migration will differ slightly with different magnitude range or earthquake activity phase. 相似文献
MODFLOW is a groundwater modeling program. It can be compiled and remedied according to the practical applications. Because
of its structure and fixed data format, MODFLOW can be integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology for
water resource management. The North China Plain (NCP), which is the politic, economic and cultural center of China, is facing
with water resources shortage and water pollution. Groundwater is the main water resource for industrial, agricultural and
domestic usage. It is necessary to evaluate the groundwater resources of the NCP as an entire aquifer system. With the development
of computer and internet information technology it is also necessary to integrate the groundwater model with the GIS technology.
Because the geological and hydrogeological data in the NCP was mainly in MAPGIS format, the powerful function of GIS of disposing
of and analyzing spatial data and computer languages such as Visual C and Visual Basic were used to define the relationship
between the original data and model data. After analyzing the geological and hydrogeological conditions of the NCP, the groundwater
flow numerical simulation modeling was constructed with MODFLOW. On the basis of GIS, a dynamic evaluation system for groundwater
resources under the internet circumstance was completed. During the process of constructing the groundwater model, a water
budget was analyzed, which showed a negative budget in the NCP. The simulation period was from 1 January 2002 to 31 December
2003. During this period, the total recharge of the groundwater system was 49,374 × 106 m3 and the total discharge was 56,530 × 106 m3 the budget deficit was −7,156 × 106 m3. In this integrated system, the original data including graphs and attribution data could be stored in the database. When
the process of evaluating and predicting groundwater flow was started, these data were transformed into files that the core
program of MODFLOW could read. The calculated water level and drawdown could be displayed and reviewed online. 相似文献