Surface water and aerosol spatiotemporal dynamics and influence mechanisms over drylands     

《地学前缘(英文版)》2023,14(2):101524

Under the background of global warming and excessive human activities, much surface water in drylands is experiencing rapid degradation or shrinkage in recent years. The shrinkage of surface water, especially the degradation of lakes and their adjacent wetlands in drylands, may lead to the emergence of new salt dust storm hotspots, which causes greater danger. In this paper, based on high spatial resolution global surface water (GSW) and multiangle implementation of atmospheric correction (MAIAC) AOD data, we systematically analyze the dynamic characteristics of surface water and aerosols in typical drylands (Central Asia, CA) between 2000 and 2018. Simultaneously, combined with auxiliary environment variables, we explore the driving mechanisms of surface water on the regional salt/sand aerosols on different spatial scales. The results show that the seasonal surface water features an increasing trend, especially a more dramatic increase after 2015, and the permanent surface water indicates an overall decrease, with nearly 54.367 % at risk of receding and drying up. In typical lakes (Aral Sea and Ebinur Lake), the interannual change feature of the surface water area (WA) is that a continuous decrease during the study period occurs in Aral Sea area, yet a significant improvement has occurred in Ebinur Lake after 2015, and the degradation of Ebinur Lake takes place later and its recovery earlier than Aral Sea. The aerosol optical depth (AOD) in CA shows obvious seasonal variation, with the largest in spring (0.192 ± 0173), next in summer (0.169 ± 0.106), and the smallest in autumn (0.123 ± 0.065). The interannual variation of AOD exhibits an increase from 2000 to 2018 in CA, with high AOD areas mainly concentrated in the Taklamakan Desert and some lake beds resulting from lake degradation, including Aral Sea and Ebinur Lake. The AOD holds a similar trend between Aral Sea and Ebinur Lake on an interannual scale. And the AOD over Ebinur Lake is lower than that over Aral Sea in magnitude and lags behind in reaching the peak compared with Aral Sea. The WA change can significantly affect aerosol variation directly or indirectly on the aerosol load or mode size, but there are obvious differences in the driving mechanisms, acting paths, and influence magnitude of WA on aerosols on different spatial scales. In addition, the increase of WA can significantly directly suppress the increase of Ångström exponent (AE), and the effects of WA on AOD are realized majorly by an indirect approach. From the typical lake perspective, the effects of WA on aerosol in Aral Sea are achieved via an indirect path; and the decrease of WA can indirectly promote the AOD rise, and directly stimulate the AE growth in Ebinur Lake.  相似文献   

1980-2019年青藏高原积雪深度时空差异性分析北大核心CSCD     

王芝兰  张飞民  王澄海  孙旭映  吕春艳 《冰川冻土》2022,44(3):810-821

积雪是地表特征的重要参数,其对辐射收支、能量平衡及天气和气候变化有重要影响。利用1980-2019年被动微波遥感积雪深度资料对青藏高原积雪时空特征进行分析,在此基础上将高原划分为东部、南部、西部及中部4个区域,并分区域讨论了多时间尺度积雪的变化特征及其与气温、降水的相关关系。结果表明:不同区域积雪深度在不同时间尺度的变化特征存在差异,高原东部积雪深度累积和消融的速率比西部快,南部积雪深度累积和消融速率比中部快。季节尺度上,冬季积雪高原东部最大,中部最小;春季积雪高原东部消融速率最大,西部积雪消融较慢但积雪深度最大;夏季高原西部仍有积雪存在。年际尺度上,各区域积雪深度在1980-2019年均呈现缓慢下降趋势,但东部积雪减少不显著;高原东部积雪深度在1980-2019年呈现出增加-减少-增加-减少的变化,其余3区均呈现出减少-增加-减少-增加-减少的变化。不同区域积雪深度对气温、降水的响应不同,高原东部和中部积雪深度与气温相关性较好;各区域积雪深度与降水呈不显著的正相关关系。  相似文献   

Duplex equilibria of Ural circulation anomalies     

Dongdong Li  Yongli He  Jianping Huang 《Climate Dynamics》2020,54(3):1425-1452

Atmospheric circulation anomalies over the Ural Mountains are crucial indicators of the anomalous downstream weather and climate over East Asia. Here, we provide a new perspective on the mechanism of Ural circulation anomalies. We use a simple theoretical model to determine that the relationship between the solar forcing and three Ural circulation patterns, namely, neutral type, trough anomaly and ridge anomaly, is a nonlinear relationship following the supercritical pitchfork bifurcation theory. The theory predicts that when the total solar irradiance (TSI) is below a critical value, trough and ridge anomalies represent duplex equilibria and are equally likely to occur at the same TSI. Based on 180 winter months record, we have estimated the bidimensional probability density of TSI and the monthly mean geopotential height at 500 hPa or zonal wind at 850 hPa over the Ural Mountains. Results show that Sc = 1360.9 W m−2 is a critical value of TSI, the neutral type pattern is the single circulation regime when TSI > Sc, whereas trough and ridge anomaly patterns are duplex circulation regimes when TSI < Sc. Besides, when TSI < Sc, during the same TSI range, trough and ridge anomaly events occur at nearly the same frequencies. These results generally agree with the theoretical model. We demonstrate that trough and ridge anomalies, as duplex equilibria, result from the large-scale zonal flow interacting with the Ural Mountains. Low TSI tends to strengthen the large-scale zonal flow over the Ural Mountains, hence inducing either a trough anomaly or ridge anomaly.  相似文献   

1980-2018年黄河上游气候变化及其对生态植被和径流量的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

叶培龙  张强  王莺  徐丽丽  韩林君  李蓉 《大气科学学报》2020,43(6):967-979

黄河上游是黄河流域最重要的水源涵养地和产流区,对黄河流域的水资源安全、生态环境和粮食安全有决定性的意义。近年来在西北地区气候暖湿化的背景下,黄河上游气候生态水文等问题受到了各方的高度关注。本文利用卫星遥感数据、格点融合数据和水文监测数据,分析了黄河上游气候的多尺度变化特征及其对植被和径流量的影响。结果表明：1）1980-2018年黄河上游暖湿化趋势呈现全区域较一致的气候特征,温度增加率为0.023℃/a,降水增加率为1.09 mm/a,但同时又存在明显的区域差异性,湟水流域至甘肃中部降水增加最显著,宁蒙荒漠地带增温趋势最明显,2000年以来整个黄河上游降水明显增加。2000年后汇流区与流径区的蒸散发明显增加,但源头区南部波动减少。2）当前的暖湿化有利于黄河上游植被生长,1999年以来汇流区和源头区部分区域的植被增加率达到0.04/（10 a）;从长期趋势看,源头区、汇流区植被指数与上年降水呈显著正相关关系,而流径区植被指数与当年降水相关性显著;降水对黄河上游流域植被具有明显的改善作用,而温度对其影响较复杂,各区域不同的植被类型是导致降水、温度、蒸散影响存在差异的可能原因。3）1980-2018年唐乃亥站和兰州站的年径流量均呈减少趋势,但1998年以来两站的年径流量明显增加,兰州站年径流量的增加率是唐乃亥站的近3倍。长期趋势表明,唐乃亥站年径流量与当年降水呈显著正相关关系,兰州站年径流量与当年降水、蒸散的相关系数均明显低于唐乃亥站;从年际波动看,降水是决定年径流量的最主要影响因子,而生态植被、冻土退化、水储量变化及社会活动等因素对径流量的影响也不容忽视。该研究为科学应对黄河上游生态保护及实现黄河流域高质量发展提供了参考依据。  相似文献   

未来甲烷排放增加对平流层水汽和全球臭氧的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

谢飞  田文寿  李建平  张健恺  商林 《气象学报》2013,71(3):555-567

利用一个耦合的大气化学-气候模式(WACCM3)研究了地表甲烷排放增加对平流层水汽和全球臭氧变化的影响.结果表明,如果地表甲烷的排放量在2000年的基础上增加50%(达到政府间气候变化专门委员会A1B排放情景中2050年的值),平流层水汽体积分数将平均增加约0.8×10^-6.南半球平流层甲烷转化为水汽的效率比北半球高.在北半球平流层中,1mol甲烷分子可以转化为约1.63mol的水汽分子,而在南半球1mol甲烷分子大概可以转化为约1.82mol的水汽分子.甲烷排放增加50%将使全球中低纬度地区以及北半球高纬度地区的臭氧柱总量增加1%-3%,使南半球高纬度地区臭氧柱总量增加近8%,而秋季(南半球春季)南极地区臭氧柱总量增加幅度可高达20%,南极臭氧的这种显着增加主要是由于甲烷增加造成的化学反馈所致.在北半球中高纬度地区,甲烷增加引起的臭氧变化主要与甲烷氧化导致的水汽增加有关.研究还表明,未来甲烷排放增加对臭氧的恢复作用其实与溴化物排放的减少一样重要.  相似文献   

“8.8”舟曲特大山洪泥石流灾害天气特征分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张之贤  张强  赵庆云  孙芸  陶际春 《高原气象》2013,32(1):290-297

利用常规气象资料以及卫星、雷达资料,分析了“8.8”舟曲特大山洪泥石流灾害.结果表明,这次强降水是在高空冷平流入侵,与700 hPa切变线配合,由地面冷空气扩散触发对流不稳定能量释放,造成的强对流天气.由于地形等原因形成的一系列γ中尺度气旋造成降水的分配极不均匀;强降水与亮温有很好的对应关系,但亮温并非唯一影响因素.多普勒雷达的径向速度对γ中尺度气旋具有很好的指示意义,表现在旋转速度可以指示涡旋强度;降水与γ中尺度气旋有很好的正相关关系.  相似文献   

LAS在西北干旱区荒漠均匀下垫面的观测研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

陈继伟  左洪超  王介民  王树金  陈伯龙  庄少伟 《高原气象》2013,32(1):56-64

利用“古浪非均匀近地层观测试验”的仪器平行对比观测部分试验数据,首先分析荒漠均匀下垫面大孔径闪烁仪(Large Aperture Scintillometer,LAS)光径线上等间距架设的4台涡动相关仪(Eddy Covariance System,EC)观测的摩擦速度和感热通量的一致性.然后,基于4种不同下垫面建立稳定度普适函数分析,利用4台EC观测摩擦速度平均值,计算了LAS观测区域的感热通量,进而比较了LAS和EC两者观测值的差异.结果表明,4台EC观测的摩擦速度与感热通量一致性好,摩擦速度的差别＜10％,感热通量的差别在10％左右.4种稳定度普适函数计算的LAS区域感热通量在白天、夜晚与EC观测平均值变化趋势一致,但计算值偏大;TAG (Thiermann and Grassl)稳定度普适函数计算值与EC观测平均值较接近.其主要原因除不同下垫面试验所得稳定度普适函数的差异外,Kipp&Zonen LAS所测感热通量的系统性偏高不可忽视.  相似文献   

河北一次暴雨过程中不同时段强降水的成因   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

秦宝国  朱刚 《干旱气象》2013,(2):327-332

利用NECP再分析资料和常规观测资料,对2010年8月21日河北的一次暴雨过程进行了分析。结果发现:本次暴雨过程降水主要集中在3个时段内发生,并且成因各不相同。20日午夜前后,东北部地区暴雨主要是冷平流和干侵入,在副高外围产生对流不稳定,引发短时强降水;21日08点前后,保定、廊坊地区暴雨的主要成因是低层切变附近强烈的上升运动;而晴空区近地层辐射增温和低压倒槽幅合抬升是21日傍晚东北部地区再次出现短时强降水的触发条件。可见,随着系统的不断演变,暴雨过程的降水成因也在变化。利用最新时次的卫星、雷达、逐小时自动站等观测资料,对天气系统进行跟踪分析,是此类暴雨预报的有效手段。  相似文献   

PROGRESSES AND PROSPECTS IN RESEARCH ON SEASON DIVISION AND SEASONAL CHANGES IN CHINA     

赵俊虎  封国林  支蓉 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2013,19(1):28-38

Progresses in the research for season division and seasonal changes are reviewed systematically in this paper,which particularly introduces the results of a national natural science foundation project,"the nonlinear identification of seasonal changes and its responses to global warming".The project developed two objective and quantitative methods for season division:the non-linear similarity measure(NSM) method and the regional multi-element optimal dissection(RMOD) method,which differ from traditional ones for season division.Besides,the project further investigated seasonal changes and their responses to global warming,analyzed evolution characteristics of the starting date and length of seasons in history,revealed their relationships with extreme events and precipitation patterns in rainy seasons,and thereby built a research system for seasonal changes in China under the global warming background.Finally,the authors make an outlook on the research for season division and seasonal changes and put forward several issues associated with season and climate changes that need to be further explored.  相似文献   

黄土高原复杂地形受中尺度运动影响的稳定边界层湍流特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

梁捷宁  张镭  鲍婧  赵世强  黄建平  张武 《大气科学》2013,37(1):113-123

利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University,简称SACOL)2008年12月观测资料,研究了稳定边界层湍流特征.使用涡动相关资料研究湍流通量时,定义湍流的平均时间τ内的中尺度运动是造成湍流统计量变化范围大的主要原因,稳定情形? τ取几十秒至几分钟.对梯度理查森数大于0.3的强稳定情形的湍流尺度分解(MRD)谱分析表明,感热通量在112.4～449.9 s存在谱隙,尺度大于谱隙的中尺度运动造成了通量观测资料离散性大,甚至有支配性影响.动量通量的谱隙在112.4～224.9 s之间.弱风时,中尺度运动的影响更大,垂直风速标准差以0.1的比率随中尺度风速变化;垂直风速标准差同广义风速表现出很好的相关性,并随着广义风速消失而消失.三维风速标准差与摩擦速度呈很好的线性关系,垂直、水平、横风风速的无量纲标准差分别为1.35、2.54、2.21.对湍流动能的研究发现,在梯度理查森数大于0.3的条件下,仍然存在连续的湍流.以湍动能为依据,分析了湍流的平稳时间长度,其长度随稳定度变化而变化,2008年12月7～11日从133.5 s变化到856.2 s,湍流平稳时间长度反映了中尺度运动的发生频率.  相似文献