南京地区闪电定位资料与探空资料的应用分析   总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1  

朱飙  黄兴友  王世文 《气象科学》2008,28(6):659-662

利用江苏省闪电定位系统的观测资料,结合南京探空资料,分析了以南京探空站为中心的1°×1°的经纬度范围内,在两次探空放球时间段内所发生的闪电情况.分析表明,沙氏指数、700 hPa与1000 hPa假相当位温θse差、500 hPa与700 hPa假相当位温θse差、1000 hPa温度、500 hPa温度对南京地区闪电活动的实时预警有比较明显的作用,并定义了闪电概率指数,可用于预报0～30 min内闪电的发生概率.本研究对南京地区雷电实时监测与预警有参考价值.  相似文献   

西北地区东部冰雹云的卫星光谱特征和遥感监测模型   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

张杰  张强  康凤琴  何金梅 《高原气象》2004,23(6):743-748

根据气象台站的冰雹观测记录,针对冰雹灾害多发的西北地区东部,选取2001—2004年间14次NOAA卫星过境的AVHRR资料,共88个样本数,对冰雹云和其他云的光谱特征进行对比分析。结果表明,雹云的热红外亮度温度的变化基本在245K以下,中红外波段反射率相对较低,基本变化在0.4及以下范围,可见光和近红外波段反射率>0.6。冰雹产生的两个重要条件是高的云光学厚度和大的云粒子有效半径共同发生的区域;西北地区冰雹发生的云顶高度基本在4.5～7km之间。根据雹云的光谱特征,确定雹暴指数及其模型阈值>0.35的冰雹监测方法,多普勒雷达回波和气象站观测结果说明,雹暴指数等多参数结合判别冰雹云效果显著。  相似文献   

Dynamic Relationship Between Entrainment Rate and Summer Monsoon in the Transition Area of Monsoon in the East of Northwest China     

Yanying Li  Ying Cai  Chunyan Zhang  Ting Zeng  Jiping Yang 《地球科学进展》2019,34(12):1316-1327

Entrainment rate refers to the ratio of surrounding air quality to air quality involved in rising unit distance, including turbulent entrainment and dynamic entrainment, which are applied to the boundary layer parametrization of convective clouds, the improvement of numerical model, the observation of cloud droplet spectral dispersion and the study of tropical cyclones.Based on the daily data at 07:00 and 19:00 every 10 m of five stations such as Minqin, Yuchong, Pingliang, Yinchuan and Yan'an from May to September during 2006-2016, combined with the daily observation data on the ground, the Entrainment Rates(ER) of different heights were calculated, and the relationships between ER and height in different regions, precipitation as well as monsoon during the monsoon period were further obtained. The main results were as follows:\mathrm{①} The ER was proportional to air temperature and saturated water vapor pressure, but inversely proportional to relative humidity. The relative humidity threshold of cloud was 65%. The higher the relative humidity threshold was, the lower the cloud height of different orders of precipitation was, and the cloud height was higher with the increase of rainfall. \mathrm{②}ER had obvious diurnal changes and regional differences: It was obviously smaller at 07:00 than at 19:00 from ground to 3 km, which weakened with the increase of height in the near surface , but strengthened with the increase of height above 500 m; From small to large, the monsoon affected area, the monsoon swing area and the non-monsoon area were in turn, and there was no regional difference above 3 km. \mathrm{③} ER was closely related to the intensity and property of precipitation in monsoon period. The ER weakened with the enhancement of rain intensity from near ground to below 600 m, but strengthened with the enhancement of rain intensity from 500 m to 2~3 km.From near ground to below 700 m, the ER of stable precipitation was strong, but that of convective precipitation was strong above 700 m. The convective precipitation had big saturated water vapor pressure and strong ER , while the stable precipitation had big saturated water vapor density, rich water vapor but weak ER. \mathrm{④}The relationship between ER and monsoon as well as its duration: From no monsoon to monsoon ER was weakened, the strongest maximum height was also decreasing. There was no significant difference in the duration of ER between the non-monsoon area and the monsoon affected area, but the longer the monsoon swing area lasted in the near ground layer, the smaller the ER was, while the opposite was at 1~2 km in the high altitude. \mathrm{⑤}The relationship between ER and the APO monsoon intensity index showed that: At 07:00, the ER strengthened with height from near ground to below 800 m, but weakened with height above 800 m,and the monsoon intensity was not related to the ER. At 19:00, the ER strengthened with the height near ground but weakened with the height above 300 m, and the stronger the monsoon was, the smaller the ER was. The ER weakened with the decrease of boundary layer height.  相似文献   

Downward atmospheric longwave irradiance under clear and cloudy skies: Measurement and parameterization     

《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2003,65(10):1107-1116

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Recent climatic significance of chemical signals in a shallow firn core from an alpine glacier in the South-Asia monsoon region     

《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2002,20(3):289-296

There are 19 sub-tropical temperate glaciers on Mount Yulong, the southernmost currently glacier-covered area in Eurasia, controlled by the south-western monsoon climate. In the summer of 1999, a firn core, 10.10 m long, extending down to glacier ice, was recovered in the accumulation area of the largest glacier, Baishui No.1. Periodic variations of climatic signals above 7.8 m depth were apparent, and net accumulation of four years was identified by the annual oscillations of isotopic and ionic composition. The boundaries of annual accumulation were confirmed by higher values of electrical conductivity and pH, and by dirty refreezing ice layers at the levels of summer surfaces. Calculated mean annual net accumulation from 1994/95 to 1997/98 was about 900 mm water equivalent. The amplitude of isotopic variations in the profile decreased with increasing depth, and isotopic homogenization occurred below 7.8 m as a result of meltwater percolation. Variations of δ¹⁸O above 7.8 m showed an approximate correlation with the winter climatic trend at Lijiang station, 25 km away. Concentrations of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ were much higher than those of Na⁺ and K⁺, indicating that the air masses for precipitation were mainly from a continental source, and that the core material accumulated during the winter period. The close correspondence of Cl ⁻ and Na⁺ indicated their common origin. The decreasing trend of Na⁺/Cl⁻ ratios with increasing depth further reflects a progressive homogenization process caused by meltwater percolation. Concentrations of SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻ in the core are quite low. The mean annual net accumulation in the core and the estimated ablation indicate that the average annual precipitation above the glacier's equilibrium line is 2400–3100 mm, but this needs to be confirmed by long-term observation of mass balance.  相似文献   

GRAPES_GFS 2.0模式系统误差评估          下载免费PDF全文

张萌  于海鹏  黄建平  沈学顺  苏勇  薛海乐  杨志坚 《应用气象学报》2018,29(5):571-583

通过选取2014年1月、4月、7月、10月的GRAPES_GFS 2.0预报产品和NCEP FNL分析资料进行对比分析,发现GRAPES_GFS 2.0的系统误差具有以下特性:位势高度场误差的空间分布具有纬向条带状或波列状特征,误差大值集中在中高纬度地区,低纬度地区误差较小。误差在南北半球各自的冬季最大、夏季最小,并呈现明显的季节变化特征。误差随预报时效的增速略低于线性增速且不同预报时效下误差随高度变化的曲线趋势相似。温度场误差的空间分布相对均匀,误差大值位于30°S~30°N附近地区。纬向风场误差没有十分明显的分布规律,与纬度变化、海陆分布和地形的关系均不密切,西风误差和东风误差交替出现。结果表明:模式对冬季中高纬度地区和边界层及对流层顶的模拟技巧尚需提高。明确GRAPES_GFS 2.0的系统误差分布特性,有助于有针对性地进行模式订正,改善误差大值区域的模式预报方法。  相似文献   

复杂条件陆-气相互作用研究领域有关科学问题探讨   总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8  

张强  王蓉  岳平  赵映东 《气象学报》2017,75(1):39-56

实际大气都是在复杂条件之下,所以复杂条件带来的问题已成为陆-气相互作用研究领域面临的最大科学挑战,严重制约了该领域研究成果在解决实际天气气候问题中的应用。在概要总结近年来中国复杂条件陆-气作用研究领域进展的基础上,对复杂条件下陆-气相互作用有关的科学问题进行了探讨。从陆面过程和大气边界层这两个陆-气相互作用的关键环节分析了影响陆-气相互作用复杂条件的机制,归纳了复杂条件下陆-气相互作用研究领域面临的关键科学问题。同时,以复杂下垫面陆面过程和非均匀大气边界层问题为重点讨论了突破复杂条件陆-气相互作用关键科学问题的基本思路,并对进一步开展复杂条件陆-气相互作用研究提出了初步的科学建议。   相似文献   

青藏高原边缘积雪辐射特征     

陈世强  吕世华  奥银焕  张宇  李锁锁  尚伦宇 《冰川冻土》2009,31(5):866-870

利用中国陆地生态系统通量观测研究网络的玛曲站观测的一次降雪过程的资料,对青藏高原东部边缘冬季的降雪、积雪过程的辐射特征进行了分析.研究结果表明;积雪期晴天和降雪过程的向上短波辐射的峰值分别约为降雪前晴天的3和2倍.无积雪晴天地表反射率主要分布在0.175～0.36,新雪地表反射率主要分布在0.8～0.9.大气逆辐射变化较小,降雪过程的最大,积雪时的最小.地表长波辐射则为降雪前最大,降雪时最小.积雪覆盖的晴天比无积雪时的净辐射变化幅度减小,且早上由负转正的时间推迟.  相似文献   

径流量干旱指数在河西走廊灌区的应用   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

王劲松  冯建英  吴伟 《气象》2005,31(11):11-14

利用径流量干旱指数以及河西地区的酒泉、张掖和武威的春小麦单产资料,探讨干旱指数的等级与去趋势春小麦产量之间的关系.研究结果表明,径流量干旱指数与河西灌溉区春小麦气候产量呈反位相的变化趋势.因此,可利用径流量干旱指数的变化来预测该地区未来春小麦产量变化趋势.  相似文献   

基于分布式水文模型（SWAT）的土地利用和气候变化对洮河流域水文影响特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王莺  张强  王劲松  张雷 《中国沙漠》2017,37(1):175-185

土地利用和气候变化是流域水资源发生变化的重要原因。以洮河流域为研究区,通过模型率定得到适宜于洮河流域的分布式水文模型（SWAT）,在综合考虑流域土地利用和气候变化特征的基础上构建多种情景模式,并对不同情景模式下的水文特征进行模拟,得到以下结论：（1）校准后的SWAT模型,R²、R_e和E_ns分别达到0.83、-8%和0.68,说明该模型在洮河流域径流模拟中具有较好的适用性。（2）与1976-1995年相比,气候变化使流域产水量增加1.30 mm,土地利用变化使流域产水量减少0.77 mm。土地利用变化对水文特征的影响小于气候变化,但土地利用变化对流域管理的作用却是不可忽视的。从极端土地利用变化情景可知,与1985年土地利用情景相比,林地、草地和耕地情景中产水量分别变化了18.1%、-7.4%和-10.1%。从气候变化情景可知,当降水量不变,温度分别变化2 ℃、1 ℃、-1 ℃和-2 ℃时,流域产水量的变化量分别为-4.23%、-2.56%、3.08%和6.70%;当温度不变,降水量分别变化20%、10%、-10%和-20%时,流域产水量的变化量分别为56.32%、30.88%、-23.66%和-45.94%。（3）在土地利用和气候变化共同作用下,地表径流增加的区域主要位于下游的广河县、和政县和康乐县以及上游的碌曲县和夏河县等地,地表径流增加地区的面积约占流域总面积的39%。  相似文献