Mechanism for the formation of the January 2013 heavy haze pollution episode over central and eastern China   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  

WANG YueSi  YAO Li  WANG LiLi  LIU ZiRui  JI DongSheng  TANG GuiQian  ZHANG JunKe  SUN Yang  HU Bo  XIN JinYuan 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,57(1):14-25

In January 2013,a long-lasting episode of severe haze occurred in central and eastern China,and it attracted attention from all sectors of society.The process and evolution of haze pollution episodes were observed by the"Forming Mechanism and Control Strategies of Haze in China"group using an intensive aerosol and trace gases campaign that simultaneously obtained data at 11 ground-based observing sites in the CARE-China network.The characteristics and formation mechanism of haze pollution episodes were discussed.Five haze pollution episodes were identified in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(Jing-Jin-Ji)area;the two most severe episodes occurred during 9–15 January and 25–31 January.During these two haze pollution episodes,the maximum hourly PM2.5mass concentrations in Beijing were 680 and 530μg m 3,respectively.The process and evolution of haze pollution episodes in other major cities in the Jing-Jin-Ji area,such as Shijiazhuang and Tianjin were almost the same as those observed in Beijing.The external cause of the severe haze episodes was the unusual atmospheric circulation,the depression of strong cold air activities and the very unfavorable dispersion due to geographical and meteorological conditions.However,the internal cause was the quick secondary transformation of primary gaseous pollutants to secondary aerosols,which contributed to the"explosive growth"and"sustained growth"of PM2.5.Particularly,the abnormally high amount of nitric oxide(NOx)in the haze episodes,produced by fossil fuel combustion and vehicle emissions,played a direct or indirect role in the quick secondary transformation of coal-burning sulphur dioxide(SO2)to sulphate aerosols.Furthermore,gaseous pollutants were transformed into secondary aerosols through heterogeneous reactions on the surface of fine particles,which can change the particle’s size and chemical composition.Consequently,the proportion of secondary inorganic ions,such as sulphate and nitrate,gradually increased,which enhances particle hygroscopicity and thereby accelerating formation of the haze pollution.  相似文献   

A Multivariate Empirical Orthogonal Function-Based Scheme for the Balanced Initial Ensemble Generation of an Ensemble Kalman Filter          下载免费PDF全文

ZHENG Fei  ZHU Jiang 《大气和海洋科学快报》2010,3(3):165-169

The initial ensemble perturbations for an ensemble data assimilation system are expected to reasonably sample model uncertainty at the time of analysis to further reduce analysis uncertainty. Therefore, the careful choice of an initial ensemble perturbation method that dynamically cycles ensemble perturbations is required for the optimal performance of the system. Based on the multivariate empirical orthogonal function (MEOF) method, a new ensemble initialization scheme is developed to generate balanced initial perturbations for the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation, with a reasonable consideration of the physical relationships between different model variables. The scheme is applied in assimilation experiments with a global spectral atmospheric model and with real observations. The proposed perturbation method is compared to the commonly used method of spatially-correlated random perturbations. The comparisons show that the model uncertainties prior to the first analysis time, which are forecasted from the balanced ensemble initial fields, maintain a much more reasonable spread and a more accurate forecast error covariance than those from the randomly perturbed initial fields. The analysis results are further improved by the balanced ensemble initialization scheme due to more accurate background information. Also, a 20-day continuous assimilation experiment shows that the ensemble spreads for each model variable are still retained in reasonable ranges without considering additional perturbations or inflations during the assimilation cycles, while the ensemble spreads from the randomly perturbed initialization scheme decrease and collapse rapidly.  相似文献   

Description and Application of a Model for Simulating Regional Nitrogen Cycling and Calculating Nitrogen Flux   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

ZHENG Xunhu  LIU Chunyan  HAN Shenghui 《大气科学进展》2008,25(2):181-201

A regional nitrogen cycle model, named IAP-N, was designed for simulating regional nitrogen （N） cycling and calculating N fluxes flowing among cultivated soils, crops, and livestock, as well as human, atmospheric and other systems. The conceptual structure and calculation methods and procedures of this model are described in detail. All equations of the model are presented. In addition, definitions of all the involved variables and parameters are given. An application of the model in China at the national scale is presented. In this example, annual surpluses of consumed synthetic N fertilizer; emissions of nitrous oxide （N2O）, ammonia （NH3） and nitrogen oxide （NOx）; N loss from agricultural lands due to leaching and runoff; and sources and sinks of anthropogenic reactive N （Nr） were estimated for the period 1961-2004. The model estimates show that surpluses of N fertilizer started to occur in the mid 1990s and amounted to 5.7 Tg N yr^-1 in the early 2000s. N20 emissions related to agriculture were estimated as 0.69 Tg N yr^-1 in 2004, of which 58% was released directly from N added to agricultural soils. Total NH3 and NOx emissions in 2004 amounted to 4.7 and 4.9 Tg N yr^-1, respectively. About 3.9 Tg N yr^-1 of N was estimated to have flowed out of the cultivated soil layer in 2004, which accounted for 33% of applied synthetic N fertilizer. Anthropogenic Nr sources changed from 2.8 （1961） to 28.1 Tg N yr^-1 （2004）, while removal （sinks） changed from to 2.1 to 8.4 Tg N yr^-1. The ratio of anthropogenic Nr sources to sinks was only 1.4 in 1961 but 3.3 in 2004. Further development of the IAP-N model is suggested to focus upon： Ca） inter-comparison with other regional N models; （b） overcoming the limitations of the current model version, such as adaptation to other regions, high-resolution database, and so on; and （c） developing the capacity to estimate the safe threshold of anthropogenic Nr source to sink ratios.  相似文献   

Evaluation of processes that affect the photochemical timescale of the sodium layer     

《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2005,67(13):1216-1225

We apply the method of the eigenvalue and eigenvector analysis (EEA method) to analyze the photochemical timescale of the sodium layer chemical system to perturbations. The results show that the timescales of three important sodium species, Na, Na⁺ and NaHCO₃, vary strongly with altitude and are significantly different during day and night. For these three species, the EEA method gives a photochemical timescale that differs strongly from the traditional lifetime, defined as the inverse of the photochemical loss rate. For other chemical species in the sodium layer, the two methods of predicting chemical lifetime give virtually identical results. Tests of the sensitivity of the photochemical timescale to changes of the background conditions indicate that the photochemical timescale of Na is sensitive to the changes of the background densities of O₃, H, and O.  相似文献   

大气边界层湍流的动力非平稳性的验证   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文

李敏  蒋维楣  李昕  浦一芬 《地球物理学报》2005,48(3):493-500

首次用验证时间序列中是否存在动力非平稳性的一种简单图示方法——space time index法来分析大气边界层湍流的动力平稳性特征.本文以取自淮河流域和威斯康星森林下垫面条件下的三维高精度风速和温度、湿度湍流脉动资料对大气边界层湍流的平稳性特征进行了分析.结果表明space time index方法能有效地检验大气边界层湍流信号中是否存在动力平稳性.另外,均匀下垫面条件（水稻田）及复杂下垫面条件（森林）下的大气边界层湍流信号中几乎都存在动力非平稳性,大气湍流动力学非平稳性可能是边界层湍流信号相当普遍具有的一种特性.大气边界层湍流中的间歇性和相干结构使得其非平稳性图形的特征不同于一般时间序列非平稳性图形的“V”型特征;森林下垫面条件下的湍流信号比相对均匀下垫面（水稻田）下的湍流信号更有组织性,相干结构更强.  相似文献   

我国沙尘的来源、移动路径及对东部海域的影响   总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13  

张凯  高会旺  张仁健  朱燕君  王跃思 《地球科学进展》2005,20(6):627-636

利用中国气象局提供的micaps天气资料,通过对2000—2002年发生的42次沙尘天气个例的分析,重点研究了沙尘的源地、移动路径、入海地点及对不同海域的影响概率。结果表明：影响我国的沙尘天气有70%起源于蒙古国,在经过境内沙漠地区时得以加强。沙尘粒子的移动和入海途径主要有3条：一是从内蒙古东部入侵的沙尘天气经浑善达克和科尔沁沙地后进入渤海和黄海;二是从内蒙古西部入侵的沙尘天气经内蒙古西部沙地和黄土高原后进入渤海、黄海和东海;三是从青海东部扬起的沙尘长距离输运进入黄海、东海及西北太平洋。2000—2002年,63.9％的沙尘天气会影响到海洋,其中,影响渤海、黄海和东海的概率分别为27.4％、30.9％和12.3％,影响朝鲜海峡和日本海的概率为20.2％和9.2％。  相似文献   

The Wave Train Characteristics of Teleconnection Caused by the Thermal Anomaly of the Underlying Surface of the Tibetan Plateau. Part Ⅰ: Data Analysis     

Zhou Yushu  Deng Guo  Gao Shouting  Xu Xiangde 《大气科学进展》2002,19(4):583-593

探讨了前期青藏高原下垫面热力结构异常对后期长江中下游地区降水的影响。通过资料分析揭示出长江中下游地区夏季降水异常前期冬、春季青藏高原下垫面三维热力结构强信号特征,即长江中下游夏季旱涝前期高原南部和北部各层次的地温距平呈反位相分布。从地面0cm到地下320 cm的地温距平分布为:涝年高原偏南部(30°N以南)为正,中部和北部(30°N以北)为负,旱年时相反。其中地温距平的大值区在 40 cm到160 cm层之间。同时揭示了北半球环流型对青藏高原下垫面热力异常可能产生遥响应,并形成季尺度低频波的传播,从而影响长江中下游地区后期的降水,反映了遥相关是区域性旱涝形成的一个动力机制。资料分析结果表明前期青藏高原下垫面三维热力结构异常是后期长江中下游地区降水异常的重要原因之  相似文献   

用格子Boltzmann方法构建大气动力学模式的初步研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

刘峰  胡非 《气象学报》2003,61(3):267-274

文中建立了一个格子Boltzmann模型 ,经过Chapman Enskog展开得到的方程组能完整描述正压大气的动力过程 ,成功地模拟了正压地转适应过程 ,对Obukhov的经典例子进行了数值检验。结果表明 ,Obukhov的结果只体现了科氏力和气压梯度力的平衡 ,而本模型可以精确地描述科氏力、惯性力和气压梯度力三者的完整平衡 ,与Obukhov线性理论相比 ,气压变化量的数值相差 2 8% ,说明了线性适应理论只在定性方面正确 ,在定量方面还不准确。数值结果还表明粘性力在地转适应过程中基本不起作用。同时 ,还模拟了一个更大尺度的适应问题 ,验证了气压场与风场适应过程取决于尺度大小这一论断数值试验表明 ,格子Boltzmann方法用于模拟大气运动是可行的 ,而且因其编程简洁方便 ,天然具有极好的并行性能 ,对于建立模拟大气和海洋这样涉及复杂动力热力过程的多相大规模数值模式很有发展潜力  相似文献   

大气边界层湍流相干结构的识别   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Li Xin  Hu Fei  Pu Yifen  M.H.Al-Jiboori  Hu Zhaoxi  Hong Zhongxiang 《大气科学进展》2002,19(4):687-698

首先利用数字滤波方法对淮河流域试验的大气边界层湍流观测资料进行三项分解，将大气边界层湍流的风速信号分解为近似各项同性的小尺度涡和各向异性的大尺度涡。然后再将大尺度涡信号进行离散正交小波分解，寻求相干结构的主要特征尺度。对于大气边界层湍流垂直脉动风速来说，其相干结构的主要特征尺度为16s；对径向与纬向脉动来说，其相干结构的主要特征尺度为32－64s。在此基础上，利用小波的反变换提取出相干结构的信号与非相干结构的信号，并计算两间的相关系数，最大仅有0．02。此外，对原始大气湍流观测信号不进行数字滤波，直接利用本中子波分析法提取湍流相干结构所得结果作比较研究；并探讨了采用对称或似对称离散正交小波对此研究的影响。  相似文献   

建筑物对城市通风自净能力影响的数值试验     

Liu Huizhi  Sang Jianguo  Zhang Boyin  Johnny C.L. Chan  Andrew Y.S.Cheng  Liu Heping 《大气科学进展》2002,19(6):1045-1054

应用城市气候数值模式，分别计算了三栋6层住宅楼和一栋20层住宅楼两类建筑形式影响下的风场，以及在此风场中街道汽车尾气的浓度分布。计算结果表明在总建筑面积基本相同的情况下，高层建筑周围环境的通风自净能力要优于多层建筑。  相似文献