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In this contribution I presents definitions of mineral systems, followed by a proposed classification of mineral deposits. The concept of mineral systems has been tackled by various authors within the framework of genetic models with the aim of improving the targeting of new deposits in green field areas. A mineral system has to be considered taking into account, by and large, space-time patterns or trends of mineralisation at the regional scale, their tectonic controls and related metallogenic belts. This leads to a suggested classification of mineral systems, together with a summary of previous ideas on what is, without doubt, a kind of “mine field”, because if a classification is based on genetic processes, these can be extremely complex due to the fact that ore genesis usually involves a number of interactive processes. The classification presented is based on magmatic, magmatic-hydrothermal, sedimentary-hydrothermal, non-magmatic, and mechanical-residual processes.An overview of plate tectonics (convergent and divergent margins) is discussed next. Convergent plate margins are characterised by a tectonic plate subducting beneath a lower density plate. Convergent plate margins have landward of a deep trench, a subduction–accretion complex, a magmatic arc and a foreland thrust belt. An important feature is the subduction angle: a steep angle of descent, is exemplified by the Mariana, or Tonga–Kermadec subduction systems, conducive to porphyry-high-sulphidation epithermal systems, whereas in an intra-arc rift systems with spreading centres is conducive to the generation of massive sulphide deposits of kuroko affinity. A shallower subduction zone is the domain of large porphyry Cu–Mo and epithermal deposits. The implications of this difference in terms of metallogenesis are extremely important. Continent–continent, arc–continent, arc–arc, amalgamation of drifting microcontinents, and oceanic collision events are considered to be a major factor in uplift, the inception of fold-and-thrust belts and high P metamorphism. Examples are the Alpine–Himalayan orogenic belt formed by the closure of the Tethys oceanic basins and the great Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), a giant accretionary collage of island arcs and continental fragments. The closing of oceanic basins, and the accretion of allochthonous terranes, result in the emplacement of ophiolites by the obduction process. Divergent plates include mid-ocean ridges, passive margins and various forms of continental rifting. At mid-ocean spreading centres, magma chambers are just below the spreading centre. Once the oceanic crust moves away from the ridge it is either consumed in a subduction zone, or it may be accreted to continental margins, or island arcs. Spreading centres also form in back arc marginal basins. Transform settings include transtensional with a component of tension due to oblique divergence, transform or strike–slip sensu stricto and transpressive with a component of compression due to oblique convergence. Strike–slip faults that form during extensional processes lead to the formation of pull-apart basins.Mineral systems that form at convergent margins, the topic of this special issue, are succinctly introduced in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, Table 5, Table 6, Table 7, as follows: principal geological features of selected mineral systems at convergent plate margins and back-arcs (Table 1); their recognition criteria (Table 2); principal geological features of selected ore deposits of back-arc basins and post-subduction rifting (Table 3) and of subduction-related magmatic arcs (Table 4), their respective recognition criteria (Table 5); accretionary and collisional tectonics and associated mineral systems (Table 6); principal geological features and associated mineral systems of transform faults (Table 7). 相似文献
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Xiaolonghe is a poorly studied greisen-type tin deposit that is hosted by biotite granite in the western Yunnan tin belt. The mineralisation-related metaluminous and weak peraluminous granite is characterised by high Si, Al and K and low Mg, Fe and Ca, with an average A/CNK of 1.02. The granite is enriched in LILEs (K and Rb), LREEs and HFSEs (Zr, Hf, Th, U and Ce) and depleted in Ba, Nb, Sr, P, and Ti, with zircon εHf(t) = − 10.8 to − 7.5 (TDM2 = 1.61–1.82 Ga). These characteristics indicate that the magma was generated by the partial melting of a thickened ancient crust. LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating of igneous zircon and hydrothermal cassiterite yield ages of 71.4 ± 0.4 Ma and 71.6 ± 4.8 Ma, respectively. The igneous biotite and hydrothermal muscovite samples show Ar–Ar plateau ages of 72.3 ± 0.4 Ma and 70.6 ± 0.2 Ma, respectively. The close temporal relationship between the igneous emplacement and hydrothermal activity suggests that the tin mineralisation was closely linked to the igneous emplacement. The δ18O and δD values for the deposit range from + 3.11‰ to − 4.5‰ and from − 127.3‰ to − 94.7‰, respectively. The hydrothermal calcite C and O isotopic data show a wide range of δ13CPDB values from − 5.7‰ to − 4.4‰, and the δ18OSMOW values range from + 1.4‰ to + 11.2‰. The δ34SV-CDT data range from + 4.8‰ to + 8.9‰ for pyrite, and the 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb ratios range from 18.708 to 18.760, from 15.728 to 15.754 and from 39.237 to 39.341, respectively. The stable isotopic (C–H–O–S–Pb) compositions are all similar to those of magmatic and mantle-derived fluids, which indicate that the ore-forming fluids and materials were mainly derived from magmatic sources that were accompanied by meteoric water. The tin mineralisation in the Xiaolonghe district was closely associated with the Late Cretaceous crustal-melting S-type granites that formed during the subduction of the Neo-Tethys oceanic lithosphere. Combined with the tin deposits in the Southeast Asian tin belt, Tengchong block and Central Lhasa, we interpreted that a giant intermittent tin mineralisation belt should be present along the Asian Neo-Tethys margin. 相似文献
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湘西合仁坪金矿床硫、铅同位素地球化学 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
湘西柳林汊一带广泛分布钠长石_石英脉型金矿,合仁坪金矿床是其典型代表。文章对合仁坪金矿床的硫、铅同位素进行了研究,并与区域石英脉型金矿床进行对比,探讨了该矿的成矿物质来源,并初步确定了其矿床成因。研究表明,合仁坪金矿床硫化物的δ34S值范围较窄(-4.8‰~4.4‰),平均为-0.6‰,该矿床的硫为深源硫,由深部变质流体带入;铅的同位素组成较均一,并表现出明显的造山带铅的特点。结合区域成矿作用,进一步研究揭示,合仁坪金矿床为一典型的造山型金矿,其成矿可能与湘西雪峰山地区加里东期的造山作用有关。 相似文献
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帕米尔式"铁矿床是新疆西昆仑地区重要的磁铁矿床类型之一,其矿床地质特征、形成时代明显有别于典型的BIFs类型磁铁矿床。本文以塔什库尔干地区翁吉勒磁铁矿床和孜勒依磁铁矿床作为研究对象,通过研究其赋矿围岩和岩体的岩石地球化学特征、矿石矿相学特征、磁铁矿微量元素地球化学特征和原位Pb-Pb同位素特征,探讨了"帕米尔式"磁铁矿床的矿床成因和成矿背景。岩石地球化学研究表明翁吉勒黑云母二长花岗岩具有高SiO_2、Al_2O_3、K_2O和Na_2O。低MgO、CaO和TiO_2,而Na_2O/K_2O值变化范围很小。铝饱和指数为(1.44~1.51),显示其具有为弱过铝质岩石的特征,稀土总量富集,具有强的负Eu异常。在微量元素蛛网图上显示其富集大离子亲石元素(LILE),如K、Rb、Sr、Ba及轻稀土元素(LREE),亏损Nb、Ta,P、Ti等高场强元素。而黑云母石英片岩稀土含量亦较富集,具有中等强度的负Eu异常。低的Rb/Sr比,明显的Th、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta,P、Ti负异常,明显的Ba正异常,显示岩石具有古大陆边缘环境的富铝沉积岩特征。翁吉勒黑云母二长花岗岩和布伦阔勒岩群黑云母石英片岩地球化学性质非常相似,表明翁吉勒黑云母二长花岗岩的形成与布伦阔勒岩群黑云母石英片岩的重熔有关。锆石LA ICP-MS定年结果表明翁吉勒黑云母二长花岗岩形成于15.0±0.3Ma和15.4±0.2Ma。磁铁矿LA ICP-MS微量元素地球化学特征表明翁吉勒铁矿床中的磁矿床中主要Si、Mn、Zn、Sn、Hf和Pb相对较高,其中Mn和Ga变化范围较大,而孜勒依铁矿床中的磁铁矿具有相对较高的亲石元素,如Mg、Al、Ti、V、Co、Ni、Ga和Sc等,其Mn和Zn含量较低且变化范围较大,其它元素变化范围均相对较窄。二者相比,翁吉勒铁矿床中的磁铁矿中微量元素变化范围相对较大,而孜勒依铁矿床中的磁铁矿变化范围较小。两个矿床的磁铁矿的原位Pb-Pb同位素存在明显的不同,两类岩石全岩Pb同位素与两个矿床中磁铁矿Pb-Pb同位素研究表明翁吉勒铁矿床中磁铁矿可能与黑云母二长花岗岩有关,为热液成因。综上所述,在塔什库尔干地区不仅存在与沉积作用有关的铁矿床,还可能存在一部分与年轻岩浆岩有关的热液型磁铁矿床。 相似文献
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空间推理是地球空间信息、人工智能、自然语言处理等相关领域的热点研究内容。主方向关系的表达与推理是空间推理的重要组成部分。针对空间方向关系矩阵对凹边形对象方向关系表达、推理的不足,研究依据目标对象与凹边形地标方向关系表达的不确定性,提出了凹边形地标参照的外部性主方向关系与内部性主方向关系推理方法。利用凹边形三等分仿射变换矩阵、自适应分割算法实现凹边形地标外部性、内部性参照对象表达;基于向量三角形法则与方向关系谓词,以方向关系的逻辑和、逻辑差合成代数运算推理2个地标、1个地标参照下目标对象与参照对象之间的主方向关系。通过实验与算例验证,证明凹边形地标参照下目标对象与参照对象的主方向关系推理可行性。 相似文献
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杏枫山钨矿床是湘中地区近年新发现的、产出于浅变质岩系中的矽卡岩型钨矿。本文通过电子探针与LA-ICP-MS等技术手段,对杏枫山矿区矽卡岩中的热液榍石进行了主、微量元素组成以及U-Pb年代学研究。研究表明,榍石具有以下特征:(1)较低的∑REE、Ti O2含量,极低的Th/U,以及较高的Al_2O_3和F含量,这些均为典型热液榍石的地球化学特征;(2)富W而亏损Mo,表明其形成的热液流体具有富W贫Mo的特征;(3)稀土配分模式为左倾的、轻稀土显著亏损的重稀土富集型,正Ce、Eu异常表明其形成环境较为还原。此外,榍石原位U-Pb定年结果显示该矿形成于215.2±2.7Ma,与邻近白马山钛铁矿花岗岩形成的时间一致,基于地质及年代学证据,我们认为该矿的形成与白马山印支期的岩浆热液活动有关。结合前人的研究结果,我们发现湘中地区钨成矿与印支期还原性花岗质岩浆岩密切相关,为湘中印支晚期区域性成矿作用的产物。 相似文献
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柴达木盆地北缘鱼卡地区中侏罗统石门沟组含煤段中发育有油页岩、煤、碳质泥岩和泥岩等富有机质细粒沉积.为了研究其沉积有机相的类型及煤和油页岩形成的控制因素,本文通过岩心观察、工业分析结合有机地球化学测试分析等方法将含煤段细粒沉积物划分为了类型A(三角洲平原沉积环境)、B(三角洲前缘-浅湖沉积环境)、C1(湖沼非油页岩亚相)及C2(湖沼油页岩亚相)四种类型,其中类型C1沉积物中发育煤,类型C2中发育油页岩,且煤较油页岩具有更高的含油率、水分、挥发分以及发热量值.有机质类型特征方面,沉积有机相类型A、B及C1沉积物有机质类型均为Ⅱ2-Ⅲ型、有机质来源均以陆源和混合来源两种有机质来源为主,而类型C2中主要为Ⅱ2型,以混合有机质来源为主;类型A及C2其沉积物有机质均处于未成熟阶段,而类型B和C1中有机质均处于未成熟-低成熟阶段;有机质保存条件方面,类型A沉积物主要形成于缺氧的淡水环境,类型B主要形成于贫氧-缺氧的淡水-半咸水环境,类型C1形成于贫氧-缺氧的淡水-半咸水环境,而类型C2则主要形成于缺氧的淡水-半咸水环境.其中类型B较类型A,类型C2较类型C1,其沉积物均形成于更为还原且盐度更高的水体环境中.石门沟组含煤段是煤和油页岩的形成层位,稳定的沉积环境、丰富的湖泊有机质来源、良好的保存条件及较少的陆源碎屑的稀释共同促进了类型C2中油页岩的形成,而丰富的陆源植物供给及良好的保存条件则促进了类型C1中煤层的形成. 相似文献
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针对采用传统土地利用回归（land use regression,LUR）模型进行大气污染物浓度模拟时预测变量信息损失的缺陷,将主成分分析（principle component analysis,PCA）与逐步多元线性回归（stepwise multiple line regression,SMLR）相结合,提出了一种改进的LUR（PCA+SMLR）模型模拟大区域PM2.5浓度空间分布的方法。首先采用相关分析筛选与PM2.5显著相关的预测变量,然后对筛选出的预测变量进行主成分变换（PCA）,最后保留所有主成分变量进行SMLR建立回归模型模拟PM2.5浓度。并以京津冀为研究区域进行实验验证,对PCR、SMLR、PCA+SMLR这3种模型的实验结果进行对比分析,结果表明,PCA+SMLR模型可提高预测变量对回归模型的贡献度,调整后R2达0.883,并且其精度检验指标及制图效果皆优于传统的LUR模型,证明了该模型可有效提高PM2.5浓度的模拟精度,对PM2.5区域联防联控具有指导意义。 相似文献
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智能化无人矿山对作业现场环境的可视化要求较高,现有的可视化方法仍存在诸多问题:数据采集方式单一,存在监控盲区;数据传输线缆布设困难且易被损坏,传输延时较高;表现形式不够全面立体,并且不能用于VR/AR、SLAM、机器人定位避障等应用场景。为了满足智能矿山建设的可视化需求,本文结合当前传感技术、矿用机器人以及5G技术的发展,探讨了从数据采集、服务器部署到接收显示的详细步骤。针对全景及深度影像这类新型三维数据,提出一种基于GPU和UNITY的嵌入式视频实时传输方法,包括实时编码、异步传输、轻量级的嵌入式流媒体系统、利用UNITY实时处理以及元数据的同步传输。借助UNITY平台,将三维可视化任务从CPU转移至GPU,仿真实验表明,最高渲染帧率为60 fps时,GPU占用率在35%以下。最后,以全景和深度传感器为例进行了测试,对数据编码、位移贴图、纹理纠正进行有效性验证,并从延迟、帧率、CPU占用率3个方面评估性能。结果表明,所提关键技术均可有效提高运行效率、减少资源占用,相比FFplay延时更低。全景影像的可视化代替了视角固定的传统监控,深度数据为智能矿山巡检机器人定位及避障提供实时数据源,传输方法整体向下兼容。不仅解决传统方法视角单一、布线困难的问题,而且考虑到了智能矿山建设过程中的新需求。 相似文献