Mediated climate change in Britain: Scepticism on the web and on television around Copenhagen     

Neil T. Gavin  Tom Marshall 《Global Environmental Change》2011,21(3):1035-1044

Copenhagen 2009 was a major moment in the development of climate change as an issue. But climate sceptics before and during this event, sought to influence the nature of debate, and for this reason, the way Copenhagen was covered in the mass media was particularly important. This paper outlines the contours of contrarian arguments and claims, and assesses their reflection in the coverage at Copenhagen. The focus is on television, and extends to the assessment of internet - both modes of mass communication underrepresented in the existing literature. The results suggest a higher profile for contrarians and scepticism than is perhaps healthy, and speak to the role of these mass media, now and in the future, particularly with regard to the issue of public comprehension of the issues involved.  相似文献   

The uppermost Middle and Upper Albian succession at the Col de Palluel, Hautes-Alpes, France: An integrated study (ammonites, inoceramid bivalves, planktonic foraminifera, nannofossils, geochemistry, stable oxygen and carbon isotopes, cyclostratigraphy)     

A.S. GaleP. Bown  M. CaronJ. Crampton  S.J. CrowhurstW.J. Kennedy  M.R. PetrizzoD.S. Wray 《Cretaceous Research》2011,32(2):59-130

An integrated study of the ammonites, inoceramid bivalves, planktonic foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils, geochemistry, stable carbon isotopes, and cyclostratigraphy is provided for the upper Middle to upper Upper Albian sucession exposed in the Col de Palluel section east of Rosans in Hautes-Alpes, France. The Albian-Cenomanian boundary interval described by Gale et al. at Mont Risou is re-examined, a total thickness of 370 m of the Marnes Bleues Formation. Zonal schemes based on ammonites, inoceramid bivalves, planktonic foraminifera, and calcareous nannofossils are integrated with the stable carbon isotope curve and key lithostratigraphic markers to provide a sequence of more than 70 events in the uppermost Middle Albian to basal Cenomanian interval. Time series analysis of the Al₂O₃ content of the 500 m Albian sequence present in the Col de Palluel and Risou sections reveals the presence of the 20 kyr precession, 40 kyr tilt, 100 kyr short eccentricity, and 406 kyr long eccentricity cycles. Correlation using planktonic foraminiferan and nannofossil data provide a link between the Col de Palluel and Risou sections and the Italian sequence at Gubbio, and in the Piobbico core. This provides a basis for the extension of the orbital time scale of Grippo et al. to the sequence. It reveals a major break in the Col de Palluel succession at the top of the distinctive marker bed known as the Petite Vérole that may represent as much as 2 Ma. It also provides a basis for the estimation of the length of the Albian Stage at 4.12 Ma, 0.8 Ma for the early Albian, 2.84 Ma for the Middle Albian, and 3.68 Ma for the late Albian substages.  相似文献   

Hydrological regime of remote catchments with extreme gradients under accelerated change: the Baker basin in Patagonia     

Alejandro Dussaillant J.  Wouter Buytaert  Claudio Meier  Fabián Espinoza 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(8):1530-1542

Abstract

The Baker basin (27 000 km²) is located in one of the most pristine and remote areas of the planet. Its hydrological regime is poised to undergo dramatic changes in the near future due to hydropower development and climate change. The basin contains the second-largest lake in South America, and part of a major icefield. This study documents the natural baseline of the Baker River basin, discusses the main hydrological modes and analyses the potential for sustainable management. Annual precipitation varies several-fold from the eastern Patagonian steppes to the North Patagonian Icefield. The westernmost sub-basins are strongly governed by glacier melt with a peak discharge in the austral summer (January–March). The easternmost sub-basins have a much more seasonal response governed by quicker snowmelt in spring (November–December), while they exhibit low flows typical for semi-arid regions during summer and autumn. Topography, vegetation and wetlands may also influence streamflow. The strong spatio-temporal gradients and variability highlight the need for further monitoring, particularly in the headwaters, especially given the severe changes these basins are expected to undergo. The great diversity of hydrological controls and climate change pose significant challenges for hydrological prediction and management.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz

Citation Dussaillant, J.A., Buytaert, W., Meier, C., and Espinoza, F. 2012. Hydrological regime of remote catchments with extreme gradients under accelerated change: the Baker basin in Patagonia. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (8), 1530–1542.  相似文献   

Norway's experience with ITQs     

《Marine Policy》2013

This paper discusses the development of ITQs in Norway. Even if some would deny that anything such exists, fisheries management in Norway has some unmistakable characteristics of an ITQ system. Both boatowners and policy makers have discovered the attractions of transferable quotas, the former as a means to increase their private profits, the latter as a vehicle to reduce fleet overcapacity. The slow evolution of transferability is mainly the result of ideological opposition and opposition to structural changes, the latter involving falling number of fishermen, changes in location of the fishing industry, and changed composition of the fishing fleet. The development of this system in the purse seine fleet and the fleet fishing for cod and similar species is traced. Then the concept of resource rent is discussed, as well as how it has become capitalized in quota values, which show up as a rise in value of long term assets of the fishing industry.  相似文献   

Atmospheric gas in modern and ancient halite fluid inclusions: A screening protocol     

《Gondwana Research》2019

Halite possesses great potential for hosting and storing information vital to the reconstruction of Earth's ancient climate, seawater chemistry and evolving atmosphere. Here, we propose a screening protocol that not only distinguishes between primary and secondary halite, but also identifies fluid inclusions that carry original gas trapped during the primary crystallization process. An integrated multi-analytical protocol is presented for sample preparation, petrographic evaluation, analytical measurements and distinguishing original gases and contents from contaminants. The screening protocol starts with the visual inspection of halite for primary chevron and hopper features and/or milky appearance. Then, petrography is used to distinguish between primary and secondary (diagenetic) crystal fabrics and inclusions. The trace element and isotope geochemistry speak directly to the composition of the depositional and/or diagenetic fluids and to the formation in marine, non-marine or diagenetic settings. Furthermore, rare earth elements and redox sensitive elements may address the redox conditions of the salt pan/flat brines, whereas microthermometry helps characterize the depositional/diagenetic environment's temperature. Finally, gas extracted by quadrupole mass-spectrometer from gas bubbles in fluid inclusions is screened with concomitant CH₄, CO₂ and Ar contents to distinguish and quantify organic matter decomposition contributions and with ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar to monitor modern atmospheric gas diffusion/leakage issues, and thus, contamination of the primary gas contents.Our test case shows that halite collected from cores is well-suited in maintaining its original mineralogical texture, chemistry and gas content. Our integrated screening protocol suggests that the 815 Myr old halite from the Tonian Browne Formation of the Officer Basin, Australia formed under atmospheric conditions of about 10.9% pO₂ (back calculation) or 9.6% pO₂ (mean calculation). The coeval Neoproterozoic gypsum collected in outcrop from Minto Inlet, Victoria Island, Canada underwent some mineralogical alteration. However, experiments suggest that depositional gypsum from outcrop/core may have potential of retaining vestiges of original gas in fluid inclusions.  相似文献   

The strategy of region-specific development in Italy     

《Geoforum》1987,18(1):81-88

This article looks at the ‘region-specific’ economic development strategy which has emerged in Italy during the last fifteen years as a result of the creation of institutionalized regional government. It is argued that the decentralization of decision-making and administrative powers in the areas of territorial, economic and social planning has coincided with the reorientation of manufacturing to ‘service-intensive’ production and permitted the formulation of diversified roles by the regions in areas of policy-making vital to regional development. The article concludes with a discussion of the roles fulfilled by the regions in the promotion of region-specific products and services.  相似文献   

Monitoring and evaluation of spatially managed areas: A generic framework for implementation of ecosystem based marine management and its application     

《Marine Policy》2013

This study introduces a framework for the monitoring and evaluation of spatially managed areas (SMAs), which is currently being tested by nine European case studies. The framework provides guidance on the selection, mapping, and assessment of ecosystem components and human pressures, the evaluation of management effectiveness and potential adaptations to management. Moreover, it provides a structured approach with advice on spatially explicit tools for practical tasks like the assessment of cumulative impacts of human pressures or pressure-state relationships. The case studies revealed emerging challenges, such as the lack of operational objectives within SMAs, particularly for transnational cases, data access, and stakeholder involvement. Furthermore, the emerging challenges of integrating the framework assessment using scientific information with a structured governance research analysis based mainly on qualitative information are addressed. The lessons learned will provide a better insight into the full range of methods and approaches required to support the implementation of the ecosystem approach to marine spatial management in Europe and elsewhere.  相似文献   

Attitudes of Scottish fishers towards marine renewable energy     

《Marine Policy》2013

Development of the offshore renewable energy sector will have implications for the fishing industry by limiting access and navigation, and potential impacts (both positive and negative) upon commercially fished species. Fishers' attitudes and behaviour have been found to influence the success of fishery management measures, compliance with regulations, and Marine Protected Areas; suggesting they may also affect offshore renewable energy developments. A postal survey was conducted to investigate fishers’ attitudes towards offshore energy extraction and any influential factors in terms of fishing experience and practice, association membership, location, and knowledge of offshore renewable energy installations. The most important factor influencing fishers’ opinions was whether they knew of a nearby offshore development, followed by location (whether they operate from the mainland or the islands); and despite concerns regarding the perceived impacts and mitigation the majority of fishers held either neutral or positive attitudes towards offshore renewable energy extraction.  相似文献   

Assessing the social wellbeing of Northern Ireland's fishing society using a three-dimensional approach     

《Marine Policy》2013

The concept of ‘wellbeing’ has received growing interest in policy domains in the UK, and internationally, as a multi-dimensional approach to understanding and measuring social progress and development. Policy makers and scientists alike are debating the potential of wellbeing to deliver a people-centred, and holistic, analysis of what matters to people in terms of the quality of life people pursue and are able to achieve. There is also growing interest in how the concept of wellbeing might be applied to fisheries, especially in terms of deepening assessment of the ways in which decline in the fisheries sector is affecting fishing-dependent families, and the wider community. This paper applies a three-dimensional wellbeing framework and methodology to gain insight into the wellbeing of fishing society in Northern Ireland, a region that has faced substantial decline in its fisheries over the past 100 years. A three-dimensional approach considers material, relational and cognitive dimensions; putting resources, relationships and subjective reflections on life satisfaction together as a whole assessment. All three dimensions are important for a full assessment of wellbeing. Following an overview of the methodology used and data collected, the paper then assesses the extent to which a three-dimensional well-being approach can provide useful insights for sustainable fisheries policy in Northern Ireland.  相似文献   

Applications of ground penetrating radar (GPR) in bridge deck monitoring and assessment     

《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2013

This paper presents the essence of two case studies by the authors on two major bridges in the UK. The first case study reports on the applications of GPR and associated work carried out on the Forth Road Bridge near Edinburgh, Scotland, with the main objective of identifying possible structural defects including damaged rebar and moisture ingress at specific locations of the bridge deck. The second case study focuses on a full assessment of the Pentagon Road Bridge, in Chatham, Kent, England with particular emphasis on the identification of possible defects including structural cracks within the deck structure and establishing the layout of the upper and lower rebar positions throughout the bridge. These studies present interesting results in terms of locations of rebar and an accurate estimate of concrete cover condition as well as reporting on a remarkable similarity in the processed data concerning areas affected by ingress of moisture within the deck structures of the two bridges under investigation. It is believed that this paper will be of particular interest to bridge engineers and structural engineering practitioners with enthusiasm for adopting non-destructive testing methods such as GPR in the health monitoring and assessment of bridge structures. The observed similarities in the processed data between the two reported case studies present an interesting concept within the general context of the interpretation of GPR data, with the potential for use in many other forthcoming cases. The paper also reports on the adopted method for the GPR survey with emphasis on difficulties and challenges encountered during the actual survey. The presented results benefit from advanced processing and presentation techniques.  相似文献