Dissolution of carbonates in acidic fluids, which has attracted much research attention in recent years, is of great significance for the formation of high-quality reservoirs. The dissolution stage under low temperature and low pressure in shallow burial is one of the most important processes of reservoir dissolution and transformation. However, the dissolution dynamics of carbonate rocks in shallow burial and their formation have been controversial for a long time, and there are still disputes in the dissolution processes about how associated minerals and accessory minerals (e.g., pyrite) in carbonate reservoirs influence the formation of secondary pores. Additional metal ions in acidic fluids can change fluid properties and dissolution processes, and consequently affect reservoir quality. However, there are few laboratory studies done on the effect of associated minerals on the dissolution dynamics of carbonates. To clarify the specific impact of Fe-bearing associated minerals and Fe3+ on the dissolution of carbonates in shallow burial reservoirs, six samples of typical carbonate rocks in the Zigui area of Hubei Province, China were studied. The dissolution kinetics of carbonates in dilute hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid solutions containing metal ions (Fe3+/Ca2+/Mn2+) at ambient temperature and pressure (T?=?25 °C, P?=?1 atm) were studied, by laboratory dissolution experiments combined with numerical simulations using PHREEQC. The results show that the Fe3+ is of great significance on the dissolution of carbonate rocks, while the influences of Ca2+ and Mn2+ are relatively weak. The dissolutions degrees of micritic limestone (ZG-L25), dolomitic limestone (ZG-L7) and dolomite (ZG-D9) were better than the other carbonates under the influence of metal ions (Fe3+/Ca2+/Mn2+) in acid solutions. Therefore, the dolomite reservoir of the Cambrian Qinjiamiao Formation, the dolomitic limestone reservoir of the Tianheban Formation and the limestone reservoir of the Triassic Daye Formation in the Zigui area are potential high-quality reservoirs. The carbonate reservoirs associated with Fe-bearing minerals were easier to dissolve and formed secondary pores under shallow burial. This process is beneficial to the formation of high-quality reservoirs. Moreover, the addition of Fe3+ into hydrochloric acid solution may be conducive to improving the reservoirs acidizing effect. Furthermore, the results gave innovative results from multiple perspectives of geo-material science and computational geosciences, which may provide new avenues for in-depth study of carbonate dissolution in shallow burial based on water–rock reaction, chemical dissolution, computational simulation, and geological background.
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Ma Jiayi Xie Shuyun Liu Dan Carranza Emmanuel John M. He Zhiliang Zhang Mohai Wang Tianyi 《Natural Resources Research》2021,30(2):1291-1303
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基于背景噪声的地震方法发展迅速,已广泛应用于全球和区域地球内部结构研究、浅地表地质调查及油气田勘探开发.本文简要介绍了背景噪声的来源,回顾了噪声地震学的发展历程.给出了基于背景噪声的全波场和面波格林函数恢复的公式,较为详细综述了噪声源的分布和记录台站间距对格林函数恢复的影响.讨论了两台站互相关法和空间自相关法获取面波频散特性的区别与理论连接.对基于噪声的面波层析成像法、程函方程层析成像法、空间自相关法的原理进行了总结.介绍了噪声地震学方法在各领域特别是浅地表方面的应用现状.最后简要展望了噪声地震学的发展前景. 相似文献
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The oolitic ironstones ore deposit of Jebel Ank (central Tunisia), is a simply folded stratiform ore body of about 2.5–8 m thickness located in the upper part of the epicontinental Souar Formation (Late Eocene) and is covered by the continental Segui Formation (Mio-Pliocene). The deposit contains about 20 Mt of ore with an average grade of 50% Fe. Generally, oolitic iron deposition occurs in shallow water lagoonal environments. The Jebel Ank deposit lies between two regional disconformities (Late Eocene and Miocene), and is evidence of a transitional stage at the end of regional regression before renewed transgression. The footwall of the oolitic iron ore-bearing bed consists of a fine-grained sandstone bed (10–20 cm-thick) pinching out laterally westward into green clays. The hanging wall is composed of thin-bedded limestone and clay alternations (2–3.5 m-thick).Iron occurs in the form of cryptocrystalline goethite with limited Al-Fe substitution. The goethite contains around 48% Fe, 5% Al and up to 1.5% P. Jarosite, alunite and manganese minerals (cryptomelane, psilomelane and manjiorite) are supergene secondary minerals, probably related to descending surface fluids. These manganese minerals occur as accessory minerals with the goethite and are most abundant at the lowermost part of the succession showing varied morphologies (local cement, space filling and free centimeter sized nodules). Fe-oolites in the deposit are similar to those documented in many other oolitic ironstone deposits. The dominant Fe-oolite type (>90%) has a concentrically laminated cortex with no nucleus. The nuclei of the oolites that do have a nucleus are most commonly detrital quartz grains.Major elements in high grade samples (Fe2O3 > 65%) vary within a limited range and show higher concentrations of SiO2 (average 7.85%) and Al2O3 (average 5.1%), with minor TiO2, MnO, MgO, Na2O, K2O, and SO3 (less than 1%). PAAS-normalized trace elements of bulk samples and Fe-oolite generally show similar behavior, both are enriched in V, Co, Ni, Mo, As, Zn, and Y and are depleted in Cu, Rb, Zr, Nb, Ba, and Hf. Anomalous V, Cr, Ni, Zn, and REE-Y are correlated with goethite. PAAS-normalized REE-Y patterns of both bulk samples and Fe-oolite show slight HREE enrichment, positive Ce with negative Y anomalies.The mineralogy (goethite and cryptomelane) along with the geochemistry (Si vs. Al; As + Cu + Mo + Pb + V + Zn vs. Ni + Co binary plots; Zn–Ni–Co triangular diagram, REE-Y content and patterns and Ce/Ce1 vs. Nd and Ce/Ce1 vs. YN/HoN binary plots) of the studied oolitic ironstone are congruent with a hydrogenetic type. While two possible sources of iron for Jebel Ank ironstone can be proposed: (i) submarine weathering of glauconite-rich sandstone and (ii) detrital iron from adjacent continental hinterland, the later is the more plausible source of iron, based on paleogeographic setting, the occurrence of fine sandstone underlying the iron level, occurrence of Mn-ores in the lower part of the Fe-ores succession, high phosphorous, zinc, ∑REE-Y concentrations and Y/Ho ratios, and low La/Ce ratios. 相似文献
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对于薄互层地震传播特征的研究我们已有了充分的认识,这是一种完全不同于现有的基于厚层单阻抗差界面地震反射理论的、具有频率依赖性的调谐反射.因而也使得对具有N层结构的弹性介质薄互层反演时,现有有限带宽的基于空间-频率域采样的地震观测难以规避多解性问题.长波长假设下的薄互层VTI近似似乎可以为我们提供一种待反演弹性参数只有5个的可行性方案,使得我们可以将薄互层背景下任一目标薄层的反演看作VTI厚层介质背景下单薄层的反演.但是,我们首先面临薄互层VTI近似的误差和适用性条件等问题;其次,既使对于单薄层厚度的反演,目前地震领域也未能提供一种通用有效的解决方案,实际地震勘探中薄层厚度的预测依然是一个悬而未决的难题.因此在此基础上再进行单薄层的物性参数、裂缝隙和流体的预测则更叠加了难以预知的多解性.显然单纯P波已难以应对,弹性波的介入成为必然;而且单薄层含裂缝与流体的预测更需要横波分裂和双相介质理论的支撑.可以预见的是,除了纵、横波速度,薄互层反射系数的频率依赖性是我们试图给出相对可靠的、单薄层物性精细刻画必须使用的一种重要地震属性. 相似文献
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