Groundwater recharge: an overview of processes and challenges   总被引：11，自引：13，他引：11  

Jacobus J. de Vries  Ian Simmers 《Hydrogeology Journal》2002,10(1):5-17

Since the mid-1980s, a relative explosion of groundwater-recharge studies has been reported in the literature. It is therefore relevant to assess what is now known and to offer further guidance to practitioners involved in water-resource development. The paper summarizes current understanding of recharge processes, identifies recurring recharge-evaluation problems, and reports on some recent advances in estimation techniques. Emphasis is accorded to (semi-)arid regions because the need for information is greatest in those areas – groundwater is often the only water source, is vulnerable to contamination, and is prone to depletion. Few studies deal explicitly with groundwater recharge in temperate and humid zones, because recharge is normally included in regional groundwater investigations as one component of the water balance. The resolution of regional water-balance studies in (semi-)arid areas is, in contrast, often too low to quantify the limited recharge component with sufficient precision. Despite the numerous studies, determination of recharge fluxes in (semi-)arid regions remains fraught with uncertainty. Multiple tracer approaches probably offer the best potential for reliable results in local studies that require 'at-point' information. However, many investigations indicate that these approaches are not straightforward, because in some cases preferential flow contributes as much as 90% of the estimated total recharge. Tracer results (e.g. Cl^–, ³H) must therefore be interpreted with care in areas with multi-modal flow in the vadose zone. Moreover, accurate estimation of total chloride deposition is essential, and tritium may be influenced by vapour transport at low flux rates. In addition, paleoclimatic and paleohydrological conditions may cause discrepancies between measured actual processes and calculated long-term averages. The frequently studied issues of localized recharge and spatial variability need not be a problem if concern is with regional estimates. The key for practitioners is the project objective, which dictates whether 'at-point' or area-/groundwater-based estimation methods are appropriate. Many indirect (wadi) recharge studies reported in the literature are site specific; the relationship between 'at point' hydraulic properties and channel-reach losses demands further investigation. Electronic Publication  相似文献   

西北干旱地区水资源与生态环境保护   总被引：62，自引：5，他引：62  

汤奇成  张捷斌 《地理科学进展》2001,20(3):227-233

西北干旱地区的水资源主要是地表水。地表水具有时空分布不均、河川径流补给来源的多样性和与地下水转换频繁等许多特点。西北干旱地区的生态环境在人工绿洲内部有所改善 ,但在绿洲外 ,正在进一步恶化 ,包括土地沙漠化、冰川退缩、湖泊干涸、下游河道断流、沙尘暴频次增加、天然草地大面积退化、天然植被遭到破坏等。这些问题都需要用水来解决。当前生态环境恶化的典型事例有 3处 :塔里木河下游、黑河额济纳地区和石羊河民勤地区。  相似文献   

黑河实验（HEIFE）的一些研究成果   总被引：49，自引：23，他引：49  

胡隐樵  高由禧  王介民  季国良  沈志宝  程麟生  陈家宜  李守谦 《高原气象》1994,(3)

本文回顾了黑河实验（ＨＥＩＦＥ）的执行情况，总结了到目前为止的主要研究成果。得到了干旱地区陆面过程地表参数、地表能量平衡特征和湍流通量参数化的结果。同时得到了干旱地区陆面过程的物理机制同湿润地区有质的差异这一认识：同湿润地区不同，干旱地区地表蒸散和植被过程并不是地表能量平衡中的控制因子，因为感热并不输送到自由大气仅是大气边界层的强迫因子；而潜热输送给自由大气并且潜热的释放是大气环流的主要能源，但干旱地区很少或没有水汽和潜热输送到自由大气，所以干旱地区自由大气不能从地面得到热能；地表反射率大和向上长波辐射强致使净辐射亏损大；基于以上原因，干旱地区可能是一个水汽输送和热能的“汇”。这些结果使我们能更好地理解干旱地区的陆面过程。黑河实验的结果以系统的观测事实证实了绿洲的冷岛效应，临近绿洲沙漠的逆湿现象，即夏季白天常常是绿洲有感热向下输送，临近绿洲的沙漠有水汽向下输送。这些结果揭示了绿洲和沙漠环境相互作用的较完整图像  相似文献   

干旱地区大气与地表特征对辐射加热场的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

杨文  季国良 《高原气象》1994,13(3):266-273

本文利用美国犹他大学气象系的辐射和云参数化模式，对ＨＥＩＦＥ期间张掖地区１９９１年春、夏、秋、冬四季资料进行了计算，讨论了晴天条件下的大气状况态地表反射率与地表比辐射率等因子对地气系统的太阳辐射收支以及短波加热率与长波冷却率分布的影响；揭示了不同季节的整层大气反射、透过与吸收特征，分析了大气中各主要吸收成分对加热率与冷却率的贡献，同时就辐射模式的垂直分辨率对加热率与冷却率的影响亦作了讨论。  相似文献   

干旱地区绿洲和沙漠辐射收支的季节变化   总被引：32，自引：14，他引：32  

季国良  邹基玲 《高原气象》1994,13(3):323-329

本文利用ＨＥＩＦＥ中绿洲（张掖）和沙漠两个测站１９９１年取得的观测资料，分析了两种不同下垫面太阳辐射能收支及其季节变化特征，结果表明：绿洲地区反射率明显小于沙漠区，季节变化明显；地面有效辐射绿洲小于沙漠，沙漠地区季节变化明显，绿洲则季节不明显；地表净辐射绿洲大于沙漠，不论冬，夏季该地区地面均为热源。  相似文献   

Late Holocene Moisture Changes in the Core Area of Arid Central Asia Reflected by Rock Magnetic Records of Glacier Lake Kalakuli Sediments in the Westernmost Tibetan Plateau and their Influences on the Evolution of Ancient Silk Road     

WU Xudong  LIU Xingqi  Erwin APPEL 《《地质学报》英文版》2020,94(3):658-667

The evolution of Ancient Silk Road(ASR) was deeply influenced by late Holocene moisture changes in Arid Central Asia(ACA). Nevertheless, controversies in Holocene moisture change pattern of ACA and poorly–constrained age models of related studies have made the discussion about late Holocene moisture changes in ACA and their influences on the evolution of ASR difficult. Recently, a high–resolution age model during the late Holocene was established for Kalakuli Lake, a small glacier lake located in the core area of ACA. A thorough rock magnetic investigation was carried out on Kalakuli Lake sediments based on this age model. The magnetic mineral assemblage of Kalakuli Lake sediments is still dominated by primary magnetite despite minor diagenetic effects. Comparisons of rock magnetic records to parameters previously used as indicator of glacier fluctuations suggest that clastic input to Kalakuli Lake was high(low) and magnetic grain size is relatively larger(smaller), when glaciers on Muztagh Ata advanced(retreated). The ARM/SIRM ratio, a magnetic grain size proxy, is directly related to lake hydrodynamics, which are ultimately controlled by glacier fluctuations on Muztagh Ata as the result of regional moisture changes. Late Holocene moisture changes indicated by the ARM/SIRM ratio are consistent with cool/wet and warm/dry oscillations indicated by the unweighted average of biomarker hydrogen isotopic data of the C_(26) and C_(28) n–alkanoic acids in a previous study about Kalakuli Lake, most moisture change records of the core area of ACA and winter insolation of the Northern Hemisphere, but opposite to Asian monsoon evolution. Given Asian monsoon and the westerlies are mutually inhibited, we propose that late Holocene moisture changes in the core area of ACA were controlled by the intensity of Asian monsoon versus the westerlies under the governance of solar insolation. Generally increased moisture since the late Holocene indicated by the ARM/SIRM ratio favored cultural exchange and integration between the western and the eastern Eurasia, which paved the way for the formation of ASR. Coincidence between significant increase in moisture at ～200 BC suggested by the ARM/SIRM ratio and the formation of ASR indicates moisture as an important factor that facilitated the formation of ASR. The onsets of three prosperity periods of ASR in the history generally correspond to periods when moisture was relatively high, nevertheless, stagnant periods of ASR do not coincide with periods when moisture was relatively low in the core area of ACA. Disorganized correlations between stagnant periods of ASR and moisture changes in the core area of ACA suggest that moisture is not the decisive factor influencing the evolution of ASR.  相似文献   

Laboratory simulation of rock weathering by salt crystallization and hydration processes in hot,arid environments     

C. H. B. Sperling  R. U. Cooke 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1985,10(6):541-555

The results of a series of experiments are reported in this paper which were designed to differentiate between the forces of crystal growth and hydration in salt weathering, using a single salt-hydrate system (sodium sulphate), five contrasting rock types, and several diurnal temperature-relative humidity cycles which permitted or inhibited these processes and simulated ground surface climates in hot, arid environments. It was shown that hydration of sodium sulphate is an effective mechanism of rock disintegration but that it is significantly less destructive than crystal growth pressure. Crystallization of thenardite (Na₂SO₄) is, in turn, more effective in rock weathering than the crystal growth of mirabilite (Na₂SO₄.10H₂O). In general, rates of disintegration were most rapid where the diurnal temperature range was extreme and relative humidity lowest.  相似文献   

Some problems of ecological environmental geology in arid and semiarid areas of China   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

T. Jie  L. Nianfeng 《Environmental Geology》1995,26(1):64-67

Arid and semiarid areas are widely distributed in China but rich in natural resources. Because of the arid climate, complex geological conditions, and human activities, some problems of ecological environmental geology occur, such as lack of water resources, desertification, salinization, and biogeochemical endemic diseases, etc. These problems occur in fragile regions of the environment, seriously restricting the developing of the national economy and causing harm to human health. Ecological environmental geology is a new developing science in China. Through the research of ecological environmental geology and with the help of research results of the western plain of the Tarim Basin in Xingjing, we propose a comprehensive administrative measure of ecological geological environment on the basis of rational utilization of water resources, and it can be used to improve the ecological environment of arid and semiarid areas.  相似文献   

Geomorphological evolution of the Tilcara alluvial fan (Jujuy Province, NW Argentina): Tectonic implications and palaeoenvironmental considerations     

Carlos Sancho  Jos Luis Pea  Felipe Rivelli  Ed Rhodes  Arsenio Muoz 《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2008,26(1):68-77

The development and evolution of the Tilcara alluvial fan, in the Quebrada de Humahuaca (Andean Eastern Cordillera, NW Argentina), has been analysed by using geomorphological mapping techniques, sedimentological characterisation of the deposits and OSL chronological methods. It is a complex segmented alluvial fan made up of five evolutionary stages (units Qf1, Qf2, Qf3, Qf4 and Qf5) developed under arid climatic environments as well as compressive tectonic conditions. Segmentation processes, including aggradation/entrenchment cycles and changes in the location of the depositional lobe, are mainly controlled by climatic and/or tectonic changes as well as channel piracy processes in the drainage system. Alluvial fan deposits include debris flows, sheet flows and braided channel facies associated with high water discharge events in an arid environment. The best mean OSL age estimated for stage Qf2 is 84.5 ± 7 ka BP. In addition, a thrust fault affecting these deposits has been recognized and, as a consequence, the compressive tectonics must date from the Upper Pleistocene in this area of the Andean Eastern Cordillera.  相似文献   

Comprehensive assessment of water security for inland watersheds in the Hexi Corridor,Northwest China     

Sheng-chun Xiao  Jin-xiu Li  Hong-lang Xiao  Fa-min Liu 《Environmental Geology》2008,55(2):369-376

Water security is related closely to ecological, environmental, economic, social, and political problems, and may possibly even affect national security. The problem is especially important in arid inland watersheds. In this paper, we assess the water resources security of three watersheds in the Hexi Corridor (Northwest China) using a multi-level, multi-target, analytical hierarchy process approach. We constructed an assessment system based on the current situation and future development of the region’s water resources in the context of the society, economy, and environment of these inland watersheds. The assessment used 21 indicators that describe the ratio of water supply to demand, the ecological environment, food security, drinking-water security, disaster control capacity, water resources management, and economic conditions. The level of the water resources security was highest in the Shulehe watershed, followed by the Heihe watershed and the Shiyanghe watershed. Strategies to promote water security for all three watersheds are discussed.  相似文献