The streetlight effect in climate change research on Africa     

《Global Environmental Change》2017

The streetlight effect is the tendency for researchers to focus on particular questions, cases and variables for reasons of convenience or data availability rather than broader relevance, policy import, or construct validity. To what extent does the streetlight effect condition the state of knowledge about climate change in Africa? Analysis of Google Scholar search results, both general and within leading climate change-related journals, reveals that two proxies for objective need, population and land mass, are associated with a higher volume of scholarly attention. Countries with greater exposure to the negative effects of climate change and countries with less adaptive capacity do not receive more scholarly attention. Rather, I find evidence that factors like British colonial history, strong civil liberties, and to a lesser extent political stability − factors not directly related to risks from climate change − affect scholarly attention. The streetlight effect is evident in climate change research on Africa.  相似文献   

The impact of armed conflict and forced migration on urban expansion in Goma: Introduction to a simple method of satellite-imagery analysis as a complement to field research     

《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2017

The effects of armed conflict on cities constitute a large field of research in both conflict studies and urban studies. The topic of urban expansion is also explored by the domain of remote sensing, a sub-branch of geoinformation science. Remote sensing researchers analyze the spatial development of cities in conflict and non-conflict environments using satellite imagery.However, a dialogue or collaboration between these disciplines is virtually non-existent in the scientific discourse, mainly due to stark differences in their methodologies – namely, intensive on-the-ground field research in the case of conflict and urban studies and highly elaborate computer-based analysis of remotely-gathered data in the case of remote sensing.We aim to demonstrate a simple and thus feasible approach for the use of satellite imagery by non-experts of remote sensing, to add a spatio-temporal dimension to the results of in-depth field studies. We apply our approach to the city of Goma, in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which is located at the center of protracted armed conflict that has raged for decades. With the support of local knowledge acquired during field visits, we visually analyze a time series of Landsat data and add our own results to those of existing research. Contextualizing the mapped results of Goma's urban expansion between 1986 and 2015, we show how urban growth is linked to particular waves of forced displacement caused by different stages of armed conflict and one particular natural disaster.  相似文献   

辽宁西部地区缺水因素分析及地下水资源开发利用建议     

王庆雨  刘凯  朱锦程 《城市地质》2010,5(4):17-20,7

淡水资源是基础自然资源。辽宁省西部地区地下水资源贫乏,生态环境脆弱,需科学、合理开发利用地下水资源,支持缺水地区经济的发展,改善当地人民的生活水平和生态环境建设。  相似文献   

新疆的干旱环境与滑坡,泥石流及其防治对策   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

胡卫忠 《地质灾害与环境保护》1994,5(3):1-7

新疆的干旱气候环境,导致荒漠广布.受温差悬殊制约,风化作用强烈.不论山地或平原,松散物均较发育,由于降水时空分布不均,崩,滑,流具有明显的时空分布特征,大雨、暴雨往往集中在夏季。暴雨洪流,融雪洪流成了引发泥石流的动力。特殊的内陆环境条件,决定新疆降水量有限。受水动力条件不足制约,新疆的滑坡多系小型土滑,且往往与泥石流共生。换句话说,滑坡为泥石流提供了物源。因此,对新疆滑坡,泥石流的治理,应本着近期治标,长期治本的原则,以土木系统工程治表、生物系统工程治本。与此同时,还要强调社会系统工程,作为实施各项防护举措的保证。通过综合治理,以促进改善生态环境。  相似文献   

Comparative Accuracy in Four Civil War Maps of the Shenandoah Valley: A GIS Analysis*     

Brooks C. Pearson 《The Professional geographer》2005,57(3):376-394

This study compares the accuracy of four maps available to Union and Confederate officers during the 1862 Shenandoah Valley campaign of the American Civil War. It examines historical maps of the Valley of Virginia by the following cartographers: James W. Abert, Hermann Böÿe and Lewis von Buchholtz, Jedediah Hotchkiss, and Franz Kappner. Both simple and three‐tiered sinuosity measures are derived for reference points along study map representations of the Shenandoah river system. These data are then statistically compared to corresponding sinuosity data from USGS topographic quadrangles to identify the relative accuracies of the historical maps. This article offers evidence to refute the common historical assumption that Hotchkiss provided Maj. Gen. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson with terrain intelligence that was far superior to that available to his Union opponents. Evidence indicates that maps by Union cartographers as well as the prewar Böÿe‐Buchholtz map were at least as accurate, or superior to, the work of Hotchkiss.  相似文献   

土木工程结构安全性评估、健康监测及诊断述评   总被引：106，自引：6，他引：106  

李宏男  李东升 《地震工程与工程振动》2002,22(3):82-90

阐述了土木工程结构的安全性评估、健康监测及损伤诊断的必要性和迫切性，系统论述了结构健康监测和诊断的概念、理论和方法，重点讨论了传感器的优化布置、损伤识别等健康监测中的关键问题，介绍了光纤等新型传感器的应用情况，最后指出了值得进一步研究的问题。  相似文献   

Civil 3D在港区工程量计算中的应用          下载免费PDF全文

闫晓敏 《海岸工程》2019,38(2):115-123

港区陆域形成的填挖方量对工程经济性影响非常大,寻找精确地计算港区陆域工程量使纵向设计最优化的方法是港区工程全寿命周期各个环节的关键。基于传统方法的计算原理与应用现状分析了现有方法在港区土方计算中存在的问题,借鉴建筑信息模型BIM(Building Information Modeling)思想,对Civil3D的土方计算原理与操作流程进行研究,最后以某港区石化仓储库区场平方案为例,参考传统计算软件HTCAD的计算结果,验证了Civil3D在港区工程量计算中的便捷性与可靠性。结果显示:Civil3D的计算精度比HTCAD高7%~20%,计算速度是HTCAD的数十倍,在修改过程中计算速度达数百倍。研究成果为采用Civil3D进行港区陆域土方计算提供理论和技术依据。  相似文献   

1960-2009年中国民航飞机的CO2逐年排放变化   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

何吉成 《气候变化研究进展》2011,7(4):281-287

基于中国民航部门逐年统计数据,计算了1960—2009年中国民航飞机的CO2逐年排放量,分析了中国民航飞机CO2排放强度及其变化特点。结果表明:中国民航飞机CO2总排放量由1960年的12.0万t增至2009年的4144万t;CO2排放强度呈明显的降低趋势,由1960年的2.9 kg/换算吨公里降至2009年的0.96 kg/换算吨公里,年均降低0.04 kg/换算吨公里。中国民航飞机的CO2排放量占整个交通运输仓储和邮政行业CO2排放量的比例较低,仅占6.6%,占全国化石燃料燃烧CO2排放量的比例也很小,平均只有0.25%。  相似文献   

Institutional interaction to address greenhouse gas emissions from international transport: ICAO,IMO and the Kyoto Protocol     

《Climate Policy》2013,13(3):191-205

Abstract

In response to Article 2.2 of the Kyoto Protocol, the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) and the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) have begun to consider greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from international aviation and shipping. However, neither ICAO nor IMO have taken any effective action on the issue yet and progress can be characterised as slow. The lack of action has so far not been made up for by measures within the climate change regime or by individual countries. An important motivation for the efforts of ICAO and IMO so far has been the potential regulatory competition with the climate change regime. However, given the lack of political will to act on the issue within the latter, this motivation has not been very forceful. Against this backdrop, I argue that there are in particular three options for furthering progress within ICAO and IMO, namely (1) enhancing the threat of regulation of GHG emissions from international transport under the climate change regime; (2) undertaking unilateral domestic action by various countries (in particular the EU); and (3) furthering a learning process within ICAO and IMO. Furthermore, a closer coordination of efforts under ICAO, IMO and the climate change regime could facilitate and accelerate progress.  相似文献   

Reexamining the Montgomery Bus Boycott: Toward an Empathetic Pedagogy of the Civil Rights Movement     

Derek H. Alderman  Paul Kingsbury  Owen J. Dwyer 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(1):171-186

Geographers have assessed the success and failure of the U.S. Civil Rights Movement in terms of the African American struggle for justice, social identity, and economic survival. Conspicuously absent from the geographic literature are pedagogically oriented studies of the historical geography of the Civil Rights era. The Movement's popular image has congealed into a celebratory collection of names and dates, the sum of which is a vague, nearly mythic retelling that students might recognize but not necessarily care about. As a result, the Movement is at once contemptuously familiar yet bewilderingly strange for our students. This article offers a sympathetic critique of conventional Movement narratives, introducing the notion of empathetic pedagogy and presenting a case study of the Montgomery bus boycott. Our pedagogical approach stresses the role of empathy, both as a factor in shaping the actual sociospatial development of the Movement, as well as a strategy for encouraging students to appreciate the everyday courage and sacrifice that animated so many of its participants. Our study brings together two burgeoning literatures that have the potential to cultivate empathy among students: the critical reevaluation of mobility and explorations of subjectivity from a psychoanalytic perspective. Here mobility is understood in both its literal and figurative sense: in the case of the bus boycott, the intricate network established to literally move African Americans around the city, as well as the figurative movement of sympathy and solidarity that “moved” people to support their efforts and now informs popular, selective understandings of the protest.  相似文献