Kinematic reworking and exhumation within the convergent Alpine Orogen     

S.M. Reddy  J. Wheeler  R.W.H. Butler  R.A. Cliff  S. Freeman  S. Inger  C. Pickles  S.P. Kelley 《Tectonophysics》2003,365(1-4):77

Kinematic data from the internal zones of the Western Alps indicate both top-to-SE and top-to-NW shearing during synkinematic greenschist facies recrystallisation. Rb/Sr data from white micas from different kinematic domains record a range of ages that does not represent closure through a single thermal event but reflects the variable timing of synkinematic mica recrystallisation at temperatures between 300 and 450 °C. The data indicate an initial phase of accretion and foreland-directed thrusting at ca. 60 Ma followed by almost complete reworking of thrust-related deformation by SE-directed shearing. This deformation is localised within oceanic units of the Combin Zone and the base of the overlying Austroalpine basement, and forms a regional scale shear zone that can be traced for almost 50 km perpendicular to strike. The timing of deformation in this shear zone spans 9 Ma from 45 to 36 Ma. The SE-directed shear leads to local structures that cut upwards in the transport direction with respect to tectonic stratigraphy, and such structures have been interpreted in the past as backthrusts in response to ongoing Alpine convergence. However, on a regional scale, the top-to-SE deformation is related to crustal extension, not shortening, and is coincident with exhumation of eclogites in its footwall. During this extension phase, deformation within the shear zone migrated both spatially and temporally giving rise to domains of older shear zone fabrics intercalated with zones of localised reworking. Top-NW kinematics preserved within the Combin Zone show a range of ages. The oldest (48 Ma) may reflect the final stages of emplacement of Austroalpine Units above Piemonte oceanic rocks prior to the onset of extension. However, much of the top-to-NW deformation took place over the period of extension and may reflect either continuing or episodic convergence or tectonic thinning of the shear zone.⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar data from the region are complicated due to the widespread occurrence of excess ⁴⁰Ar in eclogite facies micas and partial Ar loss during Alpine heating. Reliable ages from both eclogite and greenschist facies micas indicate cooling ages in different tectonic units of between 32 and 40 Ma. These ages are slightly younger than Rb/Sr deformation ages and suggest that cooling below ca. 350 °C occurred after juxtaposition of the units by SE-directed extensional deformation.Our data indicate a complex kinematic history involving both crustal shortening and extension within the internal zones of the Alpine Orogen. To constrain the palaeogeographic and geodynamic evolution of the Alps requires that these data be integrated with data from the more external zones of the orogen. Complexity such as that described is unlikely to be restricted to the Western Alps and spatially and temporally variable kinematic data are probably the norm in convergent orogens. Recognising such features is fundamental to the correct tectonic interpretation of both modern and ancient orogens.  相似文献   

Critical shear stress for mechanical twinning of jadeite—an experimental study     

Jens Orzol  Claudia A. Trepmann  Bernhard Stckhert  Guanghai Shi 《Tectonophysics》2003,372(3-4):135-145

Coarse-grained natural jadeitite samples from Myanmar were experimentally deformed in a Griggs-type solid-medium apparatus at strain rates of 2·10⁻⁵ and 5·10⁻⁶ s⁻¹ and temperatures of 900 and 1000 °C. The microfabrics of the deformed samples are investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique. The critical shear stress for twinning in the (100) [001] system is derived from the orientation distribution of jadeite crystals with and without mechanical twins. The results indicate a homogeneous stress field within the sample and a critical shear stress of 150±25 MPa, which compares well to that determined by Kollé and Blacic [J. Geophys. Res. 87 (1982) 4019] for mechanical twinning of other clinopyroxenes. With the critical shear stress known, mechanical twinning of jadeite can be used as a paleopiezometer for high stress tectonic environments.  相似文献   

Inversion-related features along the southeastern margin of the North German Basin (Elbe Fault System)     

Volker Otto   《Tectonophysics》2003,373(1-4):107

A seismostratigraphic approach constrained by well data is used for the interpretation of the deformation style along the central Elbe Fault System (EFS) within the sedimentary succession. Structural analysis allows to qualify, to quantify, and to date tectonic events. The stratigraphic interpretation is complicated by the mobilized Upper Permian Zechstein salt and by erosional events. A first-order quantification of the inversion-related uplift is estimated from vertical fault offsets that reach up to 4 km. The main uplift occurred during the Maastrichtian/Paleocene. Amounts of erosion inferred from comparing the strata thickness on top of the Flechtingen High with the surrounding basinal areas range from 3 to 4 km. The data indicate a changing deformation style: Thick-skinned deformation with southwest-dipping thrusts that vertically offset the pre-Permian basement is observed along the Flechtingen High in the central part of the EFS. Thin-skinned deformation occurs in the North German Basin where salt detaches the post-Permian cover from the barely faulted basement. It is concluded that during the Late Cretaceous/Early Tertiary inversion, the EFS responded to regional compression with uplift and formation of an internal high, the Flechtingen High. A stress-sensitive crustal weak zone beneath the EFS could be the reason for the repeated strain localization in the area.  相似文献   

新马德里地震带的岩石圈强度与板内形变          下载免费PDF全文

刘澜波  MarhD．Zoback 《地球物理学报》1998,41(Z1):1-14

提出一个简单的假说来解释为什么在相对稳定的板块内部地区会存在高地震活动区与高构造形变区．首先,对于大多数板内地区而言,特别是大陆地盾地区与老的海洋盆地,下地壳与上地幔的温度相当低,那里的岩石相对坚硬在这些地区不可能发生明显的岩石圈变形,因为岩石图累积强度大大超过板块驱动力．相反,如果下地壳与上地幔温度相对较高,板块驱动力则主要由上地壳承受,因为下地壳与上地幔相对软弱在这种地区,由于岩石圈累积强度与板块驱动力大小相当,构造形变相对较快．本文将这种假说应用在位于美国中部的新马德里地震带与周围地区．地震带内部热流密度值约为60mw／m2,略高于本区背景热流密度值45mW／m2．计算得到的地温梯度与实验室结果所揭示的延性流动定律表明,在地震带内下地壳与上地幔相当软弱,板内应力主要由上地壳传递．那里的形变速率相对较高．与此相反,在周围地区热流值相对较低,岩石四累积强度大大超过板块驱动力,构造应力由地壳与上地幔共同承受热流值的大小和下地壳上地幔的受力状态是决定地震活动性在地震带内与周围地区强烈对比的主要因素．  相似文献   

变形分解作用研究综述     

陈桂华  徐锡伟 《华南地震》2004,24(4):11-20

变形分解作用是描述总的构造应变变形如何分解到一定意义分量的一个运动学概念。变形分解作用形成的构造应变变形分量之间的分解可以是表现在应变场的不均一性，也可以是同一应变场的，还可以是表现在构造力学性质、变形机制等的差异。因此，作为一种运动学概念，它涉及多个构造应用领域，研究者建立了多种不同的变形分解作用运动学模型并讨论其控制因素。为构造变形分解作用的研究提供了一种系统思维的研究思路，有利于更系统的认识相关地质构造之间存在的联系。综述了国内外学者对变形分解作用的研究。  相似文献   

Present-day crustal deformation in China relative to ITRF97 kinematic plate model   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

Y. Fu  W. Zhu  X. Wang  W. Duan  X. Wu  W. Jiao 《Journal of Geodesy》2002,76(4):216-225

 A global plate motion model is established based on the ITRF97 velocity fields and geological model NUVEL1. Sub-plate models are estimated by using the velocity fields derived from 45 global positioning system (GPS) sites under the ITRF97 reference frame in China. Comparisons between space geodesy and geological models are given. It is found that the Euler vector of the AFRC–EURA pair has an obvious discrepancy between space geodetic and geological models. The motion patterns of tectonic blocks in China predicted by GPS are consistent with those of geological data on the whole. Received: 9 November 2000 / Accepted: 17 September 2001  相似文献   

不同温压条件下居庸关花岗岩脆塑性转化与失稳型式的实验研究   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  

周永胜  蒋海昆  何昌荣 《中国地震》2002,18(4):389-400

为研究花岗岩的脆塑性转化和失稳型式，在固体围压介质三轴实验系统上进行了3组高温高压实验，结果表明，温度小于300℃时花岗岩为脆性破裂，大于800℃时为塑性变形，在300-600℃，花岗岩为半脆性破裂和碎裂流动，在600-800℃，花岗岩为半脆性流动，花岗岩的渐进破坏发生在低压区域；突发失稳发生在室温高压（≥300MPa)和高温高压（550℃600MPa-650℃700MPa)两个区域；在突发失稳与渐进破坏区域之间存在大范围的准突发失稳区，在实验温压范围内，影响花岗岩脆塑性转化的首要因素是温度，其次是围压；而花岗岩的失稳型式同时取决于围压和温度。  相似文献   

新疆克孜尔水库诱发地震的形成条件和诱发机制问题初探   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

翟世龙 《内陆地震》2002,16(1):89-96

克孜尔水库自 1991年 8月下闸蓄水后 ,穿过水库大坝的 F2 活断层 (克孜尔活断层 )出现了水平和垂直形变的特大异常变化。分析后认为是前期水库施工开挖土石方、填筑土石方及水库蓄水引起地面负荷变化的综合效应所致 ,同时地震活动规律也产生了与形变同步的异常变化。综合测震、水文、地质分析认为 :1水库蓄水可以诱发地震 ,震级主要在 MS3.0级以下 ;2蓄水诱发 F1活断层 (却勒塔格活断层 )上中等地震的可能性比较大 ,而诱发 F2 活断层上中等地震的可能性则很小  相似文献   

Development of faults as zones of deformation bands and as slip surfaces in sandstone   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

Atilla Aydin  Arvid M. Johnson 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1978,116(4-5):931-942

Three forms of fault are recognized in Entrada and Navajo Sandstones in the San Rafael Desert, southeastern Utah; deformation bands, zones of deformation bands, and slip surfaces. Small faults occur asdeformation bands, about one millimeter thick, in which pores collapse and sand grains fracture, and along which there are shear displacements on the order of a few millimeters or centimeters. Two or more deformation bands adjacent to each other, which share the same average strike and dip, form azone of deformation bands. A zone becomes thicker by addition of new bands, side by side. Displacement across a zone is the sum of displacements on each individual band. The thickest zones are about 0.5 m and total displacement across a thick zone rarely exceeds 30 cm. Finally,slip surfaces, which are through-going surfaces of discontinuity in displacement, form at either edge of zones of highly concentrated deformation bands. In contrast with individual deformation bands and zones of deformation bands, slip surfaces accommodate large displacements, on the order of several meters in the San Rafael Desert.The sequence of development is from individual deformation bands, to zones, to slip surfaces, and each type of faulting apparently is controlled by somewhat different processes. The formation of zones apparently involves strain hardening, whereas the formation of slip surfaces probably involves strain softening of crushed sandstone.  相似文献   

Small faults formed as deformation bands in sandstone   总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13  

Atilla Aydin 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1978,116(4-5):913-930

Small faults with displacements of a few millimeters or centimeters are abundant in the Entrada and Navajo Sandstones, in the San Rafael Desert, Utah, where they are important primary structures, preceding the development of large faults with displacements of several meters or tens of meters. The small faults contain no surfaces of discontinuity, rather they occur asdeformation bands about one millimeter and tens or hundreds of meters long, and across which the displacements are distributed. Two zones with different modes of deformation can be distinguished within a deformation band: an outer zone where the matrix, including pores and matrix material, deforms; and an inner zone, about 0.5 mm thick, where the sand grains fracture and further consolidation takes place. Fracturing of the grains is controlled by contact geometry; the grains tend to split into subgrains along lines connecting contact points between the grains. Then the angular subgrains, which are readily fractured, are further granulated and mixed with the matrix. The final product is the deformation band, with much smaller grain size, poorer sorting, and lower porosity than the original parent sandstone. The sandstone on either side of a deformation band is almost undisturbed-fractures are rare there — so that deformation is highly localized within the band. The material within a deformation band apparently strain hardens as a result of the deformation; perhaps this is why the shear displacement across a deformation band is at most a few centimeters.  相似文献