Accuracy of kinematic wave and diffusion wave approximations for time-independent flows     

V. P. Singh  V. Aravamuthan 《水文研究》1995,9(7):755-782

Errors in the kinematic wave and diffusion wave approximations for time-independent (or steady-state) cases of channel flow were derived for three types of boundary conditions: zero flow at the upstream end, and critical flow depth and zero depth gradient at the downstream end. The diffusion wave approximation was found to be in excellent agreement with the dynamic wave approximation, with errors in the range 1–2% for values of KF (? 7.5), where K is the kinematic wave number and F₀ is the Froude number. Even for small values of KF (e.g. KF²₀ = 0.75), the errors were typically less than 15%. The accuracy of the diffusion wave approximation was greatly influenced by the downstream boundary condition. The error of the kinematic wave approximation was found to be less than 13% in the region 0.1 ? x ? 0.95 for KF = 7.5 and was greater than 30% for smaller values of KF (? 0.75). This error increased with strong downstream boundary control.  相似文献   

基于误差理论的产状测量精度评定     

卢立吉  王凤艳  王明常  李启源 《世界地质》2016,35(2):567-574

以边坡为研究对象,针对基于罗盘、免棱镜全站仪、激光测距仪、三维激光扫描仪和数字摄影测量工作站的5种产状测量方法,采用误差理论进行产状测量精度评定。研究表明,罗盘产状测量的倾向、倾角中误差分别为±4°和±3°,其精度评定既可以提高对罗盘产状测量精度的认识,也可为其他4种非接触类产状测量方法的精度评定提供验算数据。利用罗盘只能进行高陡边坡下部结构面的产状测量,测量范围有限且高耗低效;非接触类产状测量方法则可以解决人员难以到达的高陡边坡上部结构面的产状测量问题。其中,三维激光扫描和数字近景摄影测量方法可以获取边坡岩体大量随机结构面上的产状信息,为基于随机动力学的边坡稳定性评价提供重要的基础数据。  相似文献   

卫星摄影姿态测定系统低频误差补偿   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王任享  王建荣  胡莘 《测绘学报》2016,45(2):127-130

姿态测定系统不仅存在高频误差,还存在与卫星轨道纬度及时间有关的低频误差,严重影响无地面控制点测量精度。本文分析了产生低频误差的因素及相关解决措施,并在天绘一号(TH-1)卫星工程中,利用光束法平差实现低频误差的自动检测与补偿处理,消除低频误差对定位精度的影响,最后进行了试验验证。试验结果表明:低频误差补偿技术,很好地解决了无地面控制定位系统误差问题,为实现天绘一号卫星全球定位精度的一致性发挥了重要作用。  相似文献   

几种粗差估值方法的比较     

鲁铁定 《测绘学报》2016,45(6):656-662

基于均值漂移模型,重点讨论粗差估值的计算问题,给出了观测值统计相关时数据探测法(data snooping)的粗差估值公式。探讨数据探测法粗差估值与粗差的同时定位与定值法(LEGE)、拟准检定法(QUAD)、部分最小二乘法(PLS)的粗差估值之间的关系,证明当观测值统计相关时,部分最小二乘法和QUAD法在粗差估值的计算上具有等价性,与数据探测法和LEGE法都不一致。当观测值统计独立且不等权时,QUAD法、PLS法和数据探测法具有等价性,与LEGE法在粗差估值上不同;当观测值统计独立且等权时,4种方法在粗差估值计算上具有等价性。最后通过算例验证了结论。  相似文献   

高精度组合导航及其测绘车应用技术     

马国驹  蔚保国  智奇楠 《测绘科学》2015,(12)

针对在城市复杂环境下弱信号定位测姿精度低的问题,该文将实时动态差分技术与惯性导航系统/全球导航卫星系统深耦合接收机定位测姿系统进行结合,提出了一种基于惯性导航系统/全球导航卫星系统/实时动态差分技术三组合的高精度定位测姿的方法。该文对惯性导航系统/全球导航卫星系统/实时动态差分技术三组合高精度定位定姿方法涉及到的核心技术进行介绍,详细分析了影响定位测姿精度误差因素,并将该方法应用于新一代测绘车上,通过理论分析和实际跑车实验证明了该方法具有较高的精度和适用性。  相似文献   

Airborne Gradiometry Error Analysis   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Christopher Jekeli 《Surveys in Geophysics》2006,27(2):257-275

Gravity gradiometry is one of the older methods of determining the Earth’s local gravitational field, but lies in the shadow of more conventional static and moving-base gravimeter-based systems. While the static torsion balance appears to have been relegated to the museum, support for the airborne and space-borne differential accelerometer (gradiometer) continues so as to overcome limitations in spatial resolution and accuracy inherent in ordinary moving-base gravimetry. One airborne system exists, building on 30 year old technology concepts, and new technologies (e.g., cold-atom interferometry) promise significant improvements. Concomitant advances are required to measure accurately the angular velocity and angular acceleration of the platform, which inseparably combine (in an absolute sense) with the Earth’s gravitational gradients. A numerical analysis of instrument errors, with simulated aircraft dynamics, shows that navigation-grade gyros are just sufficient to account for these effects in gradiometers with 1E/ sensitivity. More accurate instruments, with 0.1 E/ sensitivity, require commensurate sensitivity in the gyros, of the order of 0.01°/h/ = 1.5\times10^{−4 °} \ for typical survey aircraft dynamics. On the other hand, typical orientation errors in the platform, which are problematic for vector gravimetry, are much less of a concern in gradiometry. They couple to the gradient signals and affect only the very low frequencies of the total gradient error.  相似文献   

Diagnosing SST Error Growth during ENSO Developing Phase in the BCC_CSM1.1(m) Prediction System     

Ben TIAN  Hong-Li REN 《大气科学进展》2022,39(3):427-442

In this study, the predictability of the El Nino-South Oscillation(ENSO) in an operational prediction model from the perspective of initial errors is diagnosed using the seasonal hindcasts of the Beijing Climate Center System Model,BCC;SM1.1(m). Forecast skills during the different ENSO phases are analyzed and it is shown that the ENSO forecasts appear to be more challenging during the developing phase, compared to the decay phase. During ENSO development, the SST prediction errors are significantly negative and cover a large area in the central and eastern tropical Pacific, thus limiting the model skill in predicting the intensity of El Nino. The large-scale SST errors, at their early stage, are generated gradually in terms of negative anomalies in the subsurface ocean temperature over the central-western equatorial Pacific,featuring an error evolutionary process similar to that of El Nino decay and the transition to the La Nina growth phase.Meanwhile, for short lead-time ENSO predictions, the initial wind errors begin to play an increasing role, particularly in linking with the subsurface heat content errors in the central-western Pacific. By comparing the multiple samples of initial fields in the model, it is clearly found that poor SST predictions of the Nino-3.4 region are largely due to contributions of the initial errors in certain specific locations in the tropical Pacific. This demonstrates that those sensitive areas for initial fields in ENSO prediction are fairly consistent in both previous ideal experiments and our operational predictions,indicating the need for targeted observations to further improve operational forecasts of ENSO.  相似文献   

全球定位系统的新进展(讲座四)——信号内部时延及其对钟差的影响     

李征航  龚晓颖 《测绘信息与工程》2012,37(4):51-54

介绍了卫星信号内部时延的定义以及在GPS导航电文NAV和CNAV中所给出的各种时延差参数,推导了采用不同的卫星信号测距时应采用的各种卫星钟差模型。  相似文献   

E-601B型蒸发量常见误差分析     

钟启琴  李尚锦  陈红梅  崔宗鸿 《四川气象》2010,(1):69-71

根据E-601B型蒸发器人工测定蒸发量近10年的工作经验,分析了在实际工作巾引起蒸发量常见误差的原因、观测中的注意事项,对获取真实、准确、连续的蒸发量数据具有一定参考作用。  相似文献   

Theoretical Basis and Application of an Analogue- Dynamical Model in the Lorenz System   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

REN Hongli  CHOU Jifan  HUANG Jianping  ZHANG Peiqun 《大气科学进展》2009,26(1):67-77

The theoretical basis and application of an analogue-dynamical model (ADM) in the Lorenz system is studied. The ADM can effectively combine statistical and dynamical methods in which the small disturbance of the current initial value superimposed on the historical analogue reference state can be regarded as a prediction objective. Primary analyses show that under the condition of appending disturbances in model parameters, the model errors of ADM are much smaller than those of the pure dynamical model (PDM). The characteristics of predictability on the ADM in the Lorenz system are analyzed in phase space by conducting case studies and global experiments. The results show that the ADM can quite effectively reduce prediction errors and prolong the valid time of the prediction in most situations in contrast to the PDM, but when model errors are considerably small, the latter will be superior to the former. To overcome such a problem, the multi-reference-state updating can be applied to introduce the information of multi-analogue and update analogue and can exhibit exciting performance in the ADM.  相似文献