Review of River Bank Erosion Research   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Dai Hailun  Dai Jiabing  Shu Anping  Zhang Keli 《地球科学进展》2013,28(9):988-996

Riverbank erosion is a critical style of lateral channel change. It threatens the arable land, ecological environment, as well as the people’s lives and properties along the river. Through review on the research process of riverbank erosion globally, four aspects were classified and described: ①Riverbank erosion processes and mechanisms. The occurence and development of riverbank erosion is quite complicated, composed by multiple processes, which are hard to separate with each other. Therefore, the scholars have proposed a lot of theories to describe the processes. Among the theories, “Riverbank Stability Theory” has been widely recognized and developed. ②Factors of riverbank erosion. The key factors that affect riverbank erosion include hydrology conditions of the river, soil properties, geomorphology, vegetation of the river bank and meteorology. However, it should be noted that the importance of different factors in the collapse process is not equivalent and effects of the same factor on different rivers are various. ③Riverbank erosion estimation. With the tremendous improvement of quantification recently, time interval of erosion measurement is shortening continuously, while spatial scale is larger and larger. At the same time, resolution is becoming increasingly high. Erosion pin was commonly used in early studies because of its easy use and low cost, whereas remote sensing and digital photogrammetry have more advantages in modern measurement. ④Modeling of riverbank erosion. At present, the models are mainly based on the fundamental theories of hydraulics and soil mechanics, to study river bank stability. According to the review of the four aspects above, problems of recent researches and prospects of possible development in the future were discussed. The researchers should pay much attention to temporal spatial distribution of riverbank erosion first before further research. The study would be greatly helpful to the researchers for the specific river reach when choosing the proper theories as well as technologies for measurement and quantification, study the riverbank erosion through both macroscopic and microscopic views, and predict the erosion for management purpose.  相似文献   

青藏铁路沿线气温和地温的极值推算   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  

董安祥  白虎志  李栋梁  薛万孝 《高原气象》2003,22(5):503-506

利用耿贝尔分布函数对青藏铁路沿线7个气象站的气温和0cm地温进行了极值估计。结果表明：年极端最高气温50年一遇与常年接近,100年一遇比常年偏高0．1～1．5℃。年极端最高地温50年一遇比常年偏高0．0～10．2℃,100年一遇比常年偏高1．5～13．7℃。未来50年,如果年平均气温增加1．0℃,50年一遇的年极端最高气温将比常年偏高-0．1～2．0℃,100年一遇的将比常年偏高0．7～2．8℃。  相似文献   

用地理因子模拟福建省3～6月降雨量模式的探讨     

蔡文华  李文  陈惠  王加义 《气象科学》2006,26(5):542-547

本文利用福建省68个台站站址所处的纬度(Φ)、海拔高度(H)、离海距(S)和地形遮档仰角(Z)等地理因子建立推算3~6月降雨量平均值(R3~6)的模式。在福建省境内,R3~6随Φ、H、S的增大而增大;迎风坡R3~6增大,背风坡R3~6减少,增大或减少的值与Z有关。用4个地理因子推算R3~6,其计算值与实际值偏差比用单因子、三因子推算的偏差小,效果好。  相似文献   

Measurements and estimations of photosynthetically active radiation in Beijing     

Bo Hu  Yuesi Wang  Guangren Liu 《Atmospheric Research》2007,85(3-4):361-371

The measurements of the photosynthetic photon flux density (Q_p) and other solar components have been in Beijing for 2-year period. The Q_p, broadband solar radiation (R_s) and the PAR fraction (Q_p / R_s) showed similar seasonal features that peaked in value during the Summer and reached their lowest value during the Winter. The PAR fraction ranged from 1.68 E M J^− 1 (Winter) to 1.98 E M J^− 1 (Summer) with an annual mean value of 1.83 E M J^− 1. The analysis of the hourly values also revealed a diurnal pattern, with higher values of Q_p and R_s being observed around noon. The PAR fraction increased from 1.78 to 1.89 μE J^− 1 (hourly values), as the sky conditions changed from clear to cloudy. The monthly mean hourly PAR fraction also revealed a diurnal variation, however, with lower values being observed around noon during most months. In November, the diurnal variations showed an opposite feature in comparison with other months. This is mainly attributed to the diurnal variations in the water vapor concentration.Two models were developed to estimate Q_p from R_s. The models consisted of atmospheric parameters that were found to cause substantial changes to the PAR fraction, such as sky clearness, brightness and path length. The estimated Q_p obtained via different equations was much closer to the observed values, with relative errors below 20% in Beijing. The Q_p and R_s data collected at three stations with featuring different climate types from within Beijing were used for verifying the transferability of the models. The correlation coefficients between the measured and estimated Q_p values decreased at these stations, and the relative error increased. This indicates that the estimation models need to be modified accordingly for the local climatic conditions.  相似文献   

地质统计学在固体矿产资源／储量分类中的应用   总被引：14，自引：6，他引：14  

侯景儒  黄竞先 《地质与勘探》2001,37(6):61-66

讨论了地质统计学（空间信息统计学）在固体矿产资源／储量分类中的若干问题，主要包括：1）矿产资源／储量估计方法的选择；2）两个重要概念－估计方差及离差方差；3）支持效应及其在矿产资源／储量评估中的重要作用；4）特异值（特高品位）的识别及处理方法；5）关于吨位－品位曲线；6）确定最优勘探网度及取样间距（及位置）的地质统计学方法；7）地质统计学在确定最优矿床工业指标中的应用；8）储量计算及固体矿产资源／储量分类的地质统计学实施方案。  相似文献   

M估计的权函数选取及其抗差性比较   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王家帮  吴友平  夏元平  脱立文 《北京测绘》2008,(1):8-10

M估计的目的就是为了实现参数估计的稳健性,为了实现这一目的,一般遵循大误差以小权,小误差以大权,等价权公式可以通过数值模拟经验地确定的原则。对几种不同的估计方法的权函数选取进行了详述,并将参数稳健估计的思想应用到半参数模型估计中,提出了半参数模型抗差广义补偿最小二乘估计;通过算例对其稳健性进行了比较。得出了结论。  相似文献   

Data assimilation with inequality constraints   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

W.C. Thacker   《Ocean Modelling》2007,16(3-4):264-276

If values of variables in a numerical model are limited to specified ranges, these restrictions should be enforced when data are assimilated. The simplest option is to assimilate without regard for constraints and then to correct any violations without worrying about additional corrections implied by correlated errors. This paper addresses the incorporation of inequality constraints into the standard variational framework of optimal interpolation with emphasis on our limited knowledge of the underlying probability distributions. Simple examples involving only two or three variables are used to illustrate graphically how active constraints can be treated as error-free data when background errors obey a truncated multi-normal distribution. Using Lagrange multipliers, the formalism is expanded to encompass the active constraints. Two algorithms are presented, both relying on a solution ignoring the inequality constraints to discover violations to be enforced. While explicitly enforcing a subset can, via correlations, correct the others, pragmatism based on our poor knowledge of the underlying probability distributions suggests the expedient of enforcing them all explicitly to avoid the computationally expensive task of determining the minimum active set. If additional violations are encountered with these solutions, the process can be repeated. Simple examples are used to illustrate the algorithms and to examine the nature of the corrections implied by correlated errors.  相似文献   

分析海浪方向谱的扩展本征矢方法　Ⅱ.方法的验证、比较和应用   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

管长龙  文圣常  张大错 《海洋与湖沼》1995,(3)

采用Longuet－Higgins形式的方向分布函数作为已知谱，用模拟数据检验了作者所提出的估计方法EEV的合理性，并与扩展最大似然方法（EMLM）及Lygre等（1986）的最大熵方法（MEM）作了比较．在验证和比较中，使用纵摇-横摇浮标、星形阵列和CERC阵列作为复合阵列。计算表明，EEV优于EMLM和MEM。最后将EEV和EMLM两种方法应用于仪器阵列的外海观测数据，得到了比较合理的海浪方向谱。  相似文献   

Methodology for estimation of river discharge and application of the Zhujiang River Estuary(ZRE)     

CHEN Jay-Chung  WONG Lai-Ah 《海洋学报(英文版)》2004,23(3):377-386

The ZRE is a very complicated estuary with multi-river inlets. The total sum of river discharge in the upstream(away from the tidal influence region) of the Zhujiang River can be easily measured. However, when the total river discharges into the estuary from eight inlets, it is a very difficult task to obtain a continuous river discharge flux data from each branch of the Zhujiang River. However, the different ratios of river discharges between the river branches can significantly affect the estuarine circulation feature and baroclinic process. Moreover, the accuracy of numerical forecast for the estuarine circulation is very much dependent on the accuracy of the time history of the river discharge flux for each branch. Therefore, it is important to estimate river discharge from each branch in order to improve the accuracy of the model forecast for the circulation of the ZRE. The development of a new estimation method of the river discharges is focused on based on the system identification theory, numerical modeling and the time history data from the CODAR observed sea surface current. The new approach has been appfied to estimating the time history (hourly) of river discharge from each branch in the upstream of the ZRE.  相似文献   

A network Kernel Density Estimation for linear features in space–time analysis of big trace data     

Luliang Tang  Xia Zhang  Fei Sun  Xue Yang  Qingquan Li 《International journal of geographical information science》2016,30(9):1717-1737

ABSTRACT

Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) is an important approach to analyse spatial distribution of point features and linear features over 2-D planar space. Some network-based KDE methods have been developed in recent years, which focus on estimating density distribution of point events over 1-D network space. However, the existing KDE methods are not appropriate for analysing the distribution characteristics of certain kind of features or events, such as traffic jams, queue at intersections and taxi carrying passenger events. These events occur and distribute in 1-D road network space, and present a continuous linear distribution along network. This paper presents a novel Network Kernel Density Estimation method for Linear features (NKDE-L) to analyse the space–time distribution characteristics of linear features over 1-D network space. We first analyse the density distribution of each linear feature along networks, then estimate the density distribution for the whole network space in terms of the network distance and network topology. In the case study, we apply the NKDE-L to analyse the space–time dynamics of taxis’ pick-up events, with real road network and taxi trace data in Wuhan. Taxis’ pick-up events are defined and extracted as linear events (LE) in this paper. We first conduct a space–time statistics of pick-up LE in different temporal granularities. Then we analyse the space–time density distribution of the pick-up events in the road network using the NKDE-L, and uncover some dynamic patterns of people’s activities and traffic condition. In addition, we compare the NKDE-L with quadrat method and planar KDE. The comparison results prove the advantages of the NKDE-L in analysing spatial distribution patterns of linear features in network space.  相似文献