Stochastic water balance model for rainfall recharge quantification in Ruataniwha Basin,New Zealand     

Husam Baalousha 《Environmental Geology》2009,58(1):85-93

Quantification of groundwater recharge is important for water resources management. Different methods can be used to estimate groundwater recharge. The most suitable approach depends on site characteristics. Water balance model was used in this study to quantify groundwater recharge from rainfall in Ruataniwha Basin, Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand. Because it is a closed basin, this method was determined to be more suitable than any other method. The basin is fed by surface water flow and rainfall, without any lateral groundwater flow. Records of surface water inflow and outflow are available with a certain degree of reliability. To cope with uncertainty in different components of water balance, different sampling methods were used. The Mean Value Latin Hypercube Sampling (MVLHS) was used and compared with Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS), and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). It was found the groundwater recharge from rainfall is about 415 million m³/year. Results of this study have revealed that MVLHS converges faster and with lower variance than LHS and MCS.  相似文献   

Spatial and temporal variation in evapotranspiration using Raman lidar     

W.E. Eichinger  D.I. Cooper  L.E. Hipps  W.P. Kustas  C.M.U. Neale  J.H. Prueger 《Advances in water resources》2006

The Los Alamos Raman lidar has been used to make high resolution (25 m) estimates of the evapotranspiration rate over adjacent corn and soybean canopies. The lidar makes three-dimensional measurements of the water vapor content of the atmosphere directly above the canopy that are inverted using Monin–Obukhov similarity theory. This may be used to examine the relationship between evapotranspiration and surface moisture/soil type. Lidar estimates of evapotranspiration reveal a high degree of spatial variability over corn and soybean fields that may be associated with small elevation changes in the area. The spatial structure of the variability is characterized using a structure function and correlation function approach. The power law relationship found by other investigators for soil moisture is not clear in the data for evapotranspiration, nor is the data a straight line over the measured lags. The magnitude of the structure function and the slope changes with time of day, with a probable connection to the amount of evapotranspiration and the spatial variability of the water vapor source. The data used was taken during the soil moisture–atmosphere coupling experiment (SMACEX) conducted in the Walnut Creek Watershed near Ames, Iowa in June and July 2002.  相似文献   

Application of isotope tracers in continental scale hydrological modeling     

Balzs M. Fekete  John J. Gibson  Pradeep Aggarwal  Charles J. Vrsmarty 《Journal of Hydrology》2006,330(3-4):444-456

Isotope tracers are widely used to study hydrological processes in small catchments, but their use in continental-scale hydrological modeling has been limited. This paper describes the development of an isotope-enabled global water balance and transport model (iWBM/WTM) capable of simulating key hydrological processes and associated isotopic responses at the large scale. Simulations and comparisons of isotopic signals in precipitation and river discharge from available datasets, particularly the IAEA GNIP global precipitation climatology and the USGS river isotope dataset spanning the contiguous United States, as well as selected predictions of isotopic response in yet unmonitored areas illustrate the potential for isotopes to be applied as a diagnostic tool in water cycle model development. Various realistic and synthetic forcings of the global hydrologic and isotopic signals are discussed. The test runs demonstrate that the primary control on isotope composition of river discharge is the isotope composition of precipitation, with land surface characteristics and precipitation-amount having less impact. Despite limited availability of river isotope data at present, the application of realistic climatic and isotopic inputs in the model also provides a better understanding of the global distribution of isotopic variations in evapotranspiration and runoff, and reveals a plausible approach for constraining the partitioning of surface and subsurface runoff and the size and variability of the effective groundwater pool at the macro-scale.  相似文献   

An analysis of soil moisture dynamics using multi-year data from a network of micrometeorological observation sites   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Gretchen R. Miller  Dennis D. Baldocchi  Beverly E. Law  Tilden Meyers 《Advances in water resources》2007

Soil moisture data, obtained from four AmeriFlux sites in the US, were examined using an ecohydrological framework. Sites were selected for the analysis to provide a range of plant functional type, climate, soil particle size distribution, and time series of data spanning a minimum of two growing seasons. Soil moisture trends revealed the importance of measuring water content at several depths throughout the rooting zone; soil moisture at the surface (0–10 cm) was approximately 20–30% less than that at 50–60 cm. A modified soil moisture dynamics model was used to generate soil moisture probability density functions at each site. Model calibration results demonstrated that the commonly used soil matric potential values for finding the vegetation stress point and field content may not be appropriate, particularly for vegetation adapted to a water-controlled environment. Projections of future soil moisture patterns suggest that two of the four sites will become severely stressed by climate change induced alterations to the precipitation regime.  相似文献   

Recharge and salination processes in the carbonate aquifers in Israel     

A. S. Issar 《Environmental Geology》1993,21(3):152-159

Limestone and dolostone aquifers play a major role in the water supply system of Israel. In many cases, there are brackish to saline springs at their outlets. The source of the saline water and the mechanism of salinization differ from place to place. In some cases, it is due to mixing with seawater (Mediterranean or Dead Sea) at the fresh-saline water interface, while in other cases deepseated brines emerge along regional faults. The general policy for reclaiming the fresh component of the water before mixing with the saline component is to try to catch the fresh water as far as possible upstream from the outlet. In most cases, this is the area where the mixing takes place. The main case histories in Israel are discussed in this paper.  相似文献   

非均匀地表条件下区域蒸发散通量计算方法的研究   总被引：11，自引：1，他引：11       下载免费PDF全文

刘晶淼  余锦华等 《应用气象学报》2002,13(3):288-298

文章改进了计算蒸发散通量的 Kotada-Barton模式（K-B模式)。经长江三角洲地区和淮河流域试验区各种不同陆面条件（水面，森林，麦田和水稻田）下的实际应用并通过和其它方法比较，认为该方法计算精度与涡动相关法及鲍恩比法相当，不论是计算蒸发散通量的瞬时值或日值都具有较高的可信度。该方法的最大优点在于它仅仅依赖于土地资源遥感信息、常规气象资料和基础地理信息如地面高程，而到目前为止上述资料均可以通过卫星等手段及常规观测得到。利用此方法计算了长江三角洲地区各种地表面上1995年各月的蒸发散量及该地区的区域平均蒸发散量。结果证明此方法具有较高的精确度，且基础资料容易得到，是一种估计不同地表覆盖条件下的蒸发散量和具有复杂的地形和土地利用条件下的区域平均蒸发散量的有用工具。  相似文献   

陆面模式中土壤湿度影响蒸散参数化方案的评估     

肖宇  马柱国  李明星 《大气科学》2017,41(1):132-146

本文将四个常见陆面模式CLM3.5（Community Land Model Version 3.5）、Noah_LSM（The Noah Land Surface Model）、VIC（Variable Infiltration Capacity）以及SSiB（The Simplified Simple Biosphere Model）中土壤湿度影响蒸散的参数化方案进行简化,并利用实验观测资料对不同参数化方案进行评估,探究不同陆面模式对土壤湿度与蒸散关系的模拟差异,从而为提高模式的模拟能力提供依据。结果表明,（1）CLM与SSiB中计算土壤湿度影响裸土蒸发的参数化方案较Noah_LSM和VIC更接近真实的物理过程,同时CLM与SSiB模式中土壤湿度对蒸发的影响程度较Noah_LSM和VIC大;而对于下垫面有植被条件下的蒸散而言,CLM中包含了植被光合作用、呼吸作用等生物物理学过程,与实际情况更为接近,并且CLM与SSiB中土壤湿度对植被蒸散的影响程度大于VIC,Noah_LSM最低;（2）根据干旱区、半干旱区、半湿润区以及湿润区各站点的分析可知,CLM、SSiB与Noah_LSM中土壤湿度影响蒸散的参数化方案的拟合效果较VIC好,同时在部分站点CLM与SSiB的参数化方案稍优于Noah_LSM。区域之间比较说明,四个模式对干旱半干旱区的模拟效果明显较半湿润区和湿润区好。  相似文献   

基于GRACE数据的天山阿克苏河流域水储量变化分析     

王志成  张辉  李万江  邓海军 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2017,11(6):1-8

水储量变化可视为气候变化对水文系统影响的指示器。基于GRACE数据,结合气候数据和冰川积雪数据,分析了近10 a年来阿克苏河流域的水储量变化。研究结果表明:(1)过去10 a间阿克苏河流域的水储量呈递减趋势,减少速率为-0.12±0.85 cm/a,且春季表现为正距平,而秋季表现为负距平;(2)山区冰川退缩和积雪消融是该流域山区水储量减少的主要原因,近半个世纪以来冰川物质平衡为负平衡,同时近十年来积雪面积递减速率为-24 km~2/a;(3)阿克苏河流域的耕地面积的迅速增加导致了地下水过度超采,是绿洲区水储量减少的主要驱动因子。  相似文献   

基于SPEI和SDI指数的云南红河流域气象水文干旱演变分析   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

李运刚  何娇楠  李雪 《地理科学进展》2016,35(6):758-767

本文基于红河流域43个气象站1961-2012年逐月降水、气温数据以及干支流2个水文站1956-2013年逐月流量数据,采用标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)和径流干旱指数(SDI)分析流域气象水文干旱的演变特征,并探讨水文干旱对气象干旱的响应。结果表明：①1961-2012年期间,流域总体上表现出干旱化的趋势,季节变化上春季有变湿的趋势,而夏、秋、冬三季有变干的趋势,但趋势并不显著。干旱频率季节空间分布差异较大,春旱和冬旱发生频率较高。从干旱范围来看,春旱范围呈缩小的趋势,夏旱、秋旱和冬旱范围表现出不同程度的增大趋势;②1956-2013年期间,流域水文干旱表现出加剧的趋势,其中1958-1963、1975-1982、1987-1993、2003-2006和2009-2013年为水文干旱多发期,近10年来频率明显增加;③流域水文干旱滞后于气象干旱1~8个月,气象和水文干旱事件的干旱历时、严重程度和强度之间具有紧密的相关性,流域气象干旱是水文干旱的主要驱动力。  相似文献   

西南地区秋季干旱的年代际转折及其可能原因分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张顾炜  曾刚  倪东鸿  周国兵 《大气科学》2016,40(2):311-323

采用1961~2012年中国气象局753站降水和温度资料、NCEP/NCAR全球大气再分析资料、NOAA海表温度资料等,应用观测统计分析和全球大气环流模式NCAR CAM5.1数值模拟,基于标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI),对我国西南秋季干旱的年代际转折及其可能原因进行了分析。观测分析结果表明:(1)西南秋季干旱的主要分布型为全区一致型;西南秋季SPEI在1994年发生年代际突变,突变后(前)为偏旱(涝)期。(2)西南秋季偏旱期的主要环流特征是,西太平洋副热带高压位置偏西、面积偏大、强度偏强,南支槽偏弱,西南地区存在下沉运动。(3)热带东印度洋-西太平洋的海表温度年代际升高对西南秋季SPEI在1994年发生年代际突变有重要作用,该关键海区海表温度异常升高,一是会使秋季西南地区500 hPa高度场偏高,南支槽减弱;二是产生偏强的Hadley环流,使得我国西南地区存在下沉运动;三是会在西太平洋激发气旋性环流,使我国西南地区被偏北气流控制,削弱了向我国西南地区的水汽输送,容易造成该地区的秋季干旱。应用NCAR CAM5.1全球大气环流模式进行了关键海区海表温度年代际变化的敏感性试验,验证了观测分析结果,即秋季关键海区海表温度年代际升高对西南秋季年代际变旱有重要作用。  相似文献