Fluctuations of the South Patagonian Ice-field during the last glaciation and the Holocene     

Christopher J. Marden  Chalmers M. Clapperton 《第四纪科学杂志》1995,10(3):197-209

Mapping along a transect from the southeastern margin of the South Patagonian Ice-field in Torres del Paine National Park (Chile) to the limits of fresh moraines of the last glacial cycle indentified eight glacier advances. The four younger ones have been dated by dendrochronology, tephrochronology and radiocarbon dating. Although the bases of 10 m deep bogs were sampled, close limiting radiocarbon dates were not obtained because bog formation in this rain-shadow area appears not to have commenced until ca.12000 yr ago. The outermost Little Ice Age moraine formed during the seventeenth century and three inner ones were deposited around ad 1805, 1845 and after 1890. Densely vegetated older moraines contiguous with Little Ice Age deposits are possibly of late Holocene age. Tephra from the eruption of Reclus volcano at ca. 11 880 yr BP was incorporated by a readvance that deposited large multiple moraines 10–16 km from the modern ice-front; the oldest basal peat found inside the moraine has been dated to ca. 9200 yr BP. These bracketing dates indicate that some eastern outlet glaciers of the ice-field advanced at a time when some western tidewater outlet glaciers terminated inside their modern limits. This questions the view of J. H. Mercer and other that Patagonian glaciers did not readvance during the late-glacial interval. A stadial event also occurred when the glaciers were some 18–20 km from their modern positions and is closely dated to ca. 11880 yr BP because Reclus pumice flushed down-glacier forms thick upper beds in outwash deltas deposited in proglacial lakes. The four older moraines pre-date the late-glacial eruption of Reclus but are not dated closely. Comparison of their spatial extent with well-dated moraines in the Chilean Lakes Region suggests that they may mark advances culminating at ca. 14000 yr BP, ca. 20000 yr BP and earlier.  相似文献   

Impact of post-mixing chemical reactions on the major ion chemistry of bulk meltwaters draining the haut glacier d'arolla,valais, Switzerland     

G. H. Brown  M. J. Sharp  M. Tranter  A. M. Gurnell  P. W. Nienow 《水文研究》1994,8(5):465-480

Until now, alpine glacial meltwaters have been assumed to consist of two components, dilute quickflow and concentrated delayed flow, the mixing of which has been regarded as chemically conservative for the major dissolved ions and electrical conductivity. Dye tracing results suggest that this two-component model adequately represents the sub-glacial hydrology of the Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland. However, laboratory dissolution experiments in which various concentrations of glacial rock flour are placed in dilute solutions show that this rock flour is highly reactive and suggest that bulk meltwaters may acquire significant amounts of solute through rapid chemical reactions with suspended sediment which occur after mixing of the two components. This view is supported by detailed analysis of variations in the hydrochemistry of meltwaters draining from the Haut Glacier d'Arolla over three diurnal cycles during the 1989 melt season. Variations in the composition of bulk meltwaters are controlled by two main factors: dilution of the delayed flow component by quickflow, and the extent of post-mixing reactions. The latter depends on the suspended sediment concentration in bulk meltwaters and on the duration of contact between these waters and suspended sediment. Seasonal changes in the magnitude of these factors result in changes in the character and causes of diurnal variations in meltwater chemistry. In June, these variations reflect discharge-related variations in residence time within a distributed subglacial drainage system; in July, when a channelized drainage system exists beneath the lower glacier, they primarily reflect the dilution of delayed flow by quickflow; in August, when suspended sediment concentrations are particularly high, they reflect varying degrees of solute acquisition by post-mixing reactions with suspended sediment that take place in arterial channels at the glacier bed.  相似文献   

Periodic drainage of ice-dammed lakes as a result of variations in glacier velocity     

Peter G. Knight  Fiona S. Tweed 《水文研究》1991,5(2):175-184

Previous discussions of the catastrophic drainage of ice-dammed lakes have centred on mechanisms where characteristics of the lake are crucial to drainage initiation, for example dam flotation or tunnel formation at a critical lake depth. This paper describes a mechanism for lake drainage where drainage initiation depends on the characteristics of the glacier and is independent of the characteristics of the lake. Prediction of this mechanism must be based on glacier dynamics, whereas the mechanisms most commonly discussed previously are best predicted primarily on the basis of lake evolution. An ice-dammed lake at the margin of the glacier Solheimajokull, in southern Iceland, was observed to drain rapidly into the sub- or englacial drainage system, supplying water and debris to the bed or interior of the glacier. Geomorphological evidence suggests that the lake drains and refills periodically, discharging up to 13300 m³ of water into the glacier-hydrological system. The depth of the maximum lake is insufficient to cause either flotation of the ice margin or tunnel opening by plastic deformation of the ice, and we suggest that sudden drainage is related to ice-bed separations associated with specific glacier flow states rather than to a critical lake depth threshold. This mechanism of lake drainage has implications for conditions at the glacier bed, for the development of basal ice and for the entrainment of debris into the glacier, as well as for the prediction of potentially hazardous catastrophic drainage events and jokulhlaups from ice-dammed lakes.  相似文献   

1970-2007年西藏念青唐古拉峰南、北坡冰川显著退缩   总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4  

康世昌  陈锋  叶庆华  井哲帆  秦大河  任贾文 《冰川冻土》2007,29(6):869-873

1999年和2007年夏季,利用GPS技术先后对念青唐古拉峰(念峰)南、北坡的5条冰川末端位置进行了实地测量.结果表明:同1970年比较发现,过去近40 a来5条冰川退缩显著,1970-2007年间念峰北坡的拉弄和扎当冰川与南坡的爬努冰川末端平均退缩速率均接近10.0 m.a-1;西布冰川在1970-1999年间达到38.9 m.a-1,而爬努冰川流域海拔较高的小冰川5O270C0049退缩幅度较小,为4.8 m.a-1.2007年野外观测发现,爬努冰川1970年代的积累区有冰面河形成.念峰周围的冰川变化,不仅仅是末端的显著退缩,而且消融区面积也在扩大.  相似文献   

Cirque glacier activity in arctic Norway during the last deglaciation     

yvind Paasche  Svein Olaf Dahl  Jostein Bakke  Reidar Lvlie  Atle Nesje 《Quaternary Research》2007,68(3):387-399

Numerous cirques of the Lofoten–Vesterålen archipelago in northern Norway have distinct moraine sequences that previously have been assigned to the Allerød-Younger Dryas ( 13,400 to 11,700 yr BP) interval, constraining the regional distribution of the equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) of cirque and valley glaciers. Here we present evidence from a once glacier-fed lake on southern Andøya that contests this view. Analyses of radiocarbon dated lacustrine sediments including rock magnetic parameters, grain size, organic matter, dry bulk density and visual interpretation suggest that no glacier was present in the low-lying cirque during the Younger Dryas-Allerød. The initiation of the glacial retreat commenced with the onset of the Bølling warming ( 14,700 yr BP) and was completed by the onset of Allerød Interstade ( 13,400 yr BP). The reconstructed glacier stages of the investigated cirque coincide with a cool and dry period from  17,500 to 14,700 yr BP and a somewhat larger Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) advance possibly occurring between  21,050 and 19,100 yr BP.  相似文献   

沙尘暴对天山托木尔峰青冰滩72号冰川环境的影响     

马珊  夏敦胜  李忠勤  周平  张昕  周茜  王家鑫 《冰川冻土》2018,40(4):685-694

基于沙尘暴发生前后在天山托木尔峰青冰滩72号冰川末端采集的7个大气气溶胶样品和在水文断面采集的9个融水径流样品,探讨了沙尘暴事件对天山冰川区大气环境和水环境的影响。结果表明,Ca²⁺和SO₄^2-是青冰滩72号冰川大气和融水径流的主要离子,当沙尘暴发生时,这两种介质中的离子浓度显著升高,而且升高存在同时性。由于影响因素不同,浓度随时间变化的趋势不同,大气环境对沙尘事件的响应能力强,水环境则对温度变化的响应能力更强。通过相关性分析和主成分分析认为,青冰滩72号冰川大气中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Na⁺、K⁺、Cl^-和SO₄^2-主要以自然源为主;NO₃^-和NH₄⁺则以人为源为主。轨迹分析发现,由源于东欧、西伯利亚经中亚南下的冷气团引发的大风降温天气以及区域沙尘暴对冰川区环境有显著影响。  相似文献   

SAR偏移量跟踪技术估计天山南依内里切克冰川运动   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

李佳  李志伟  汪长城  朱建军  丁晓利 《地球物理学报》2013,56(4):1226-1236

流动性是冰川的一个主要特征,监测其流速变化可以为冰川物质平衡和冰川灾害研究提供重要信息.本文研究利用2007-2008年的7景ALOS/PALSAR影像和偏移量跟踪技术提取亚洲最大的山岳冰川之一--南伊内里切克冰川的运动场.ALOS/PALSAR影像的时间连续性和南伊内里切克冰川的冰碛覆盖为SAR偏移量跟踪技术获取连续的冰川表面流速提供了基础,然而冰川积累区降雪、附加冰带消融、陡坡区域裂缝发育等客观事件的发生对速度的获取仍有局部影响.尽管如此,本文仍得到了整个冰川不同季节的平面运动场,并且在所有6个时间段内观测到的运动场非常吻合.详细地分析揭示南伊内里切克冰川运动具备以下规律:流速由轴部向两侧递减,由源头向下至雪线处运动速度逐渐增加,然后再向末端逐渐递减;流速大小和坡度大小呈非线性正相关,坡度从1°突变至16°时,冰川运动加速会导致裂缝发育;夏季受冰川湖影响,尾部分支流速能激增至96 cm/d;暖季速度会高于寒季5～10 cm/d.该冰川的冰舌主体日平均速度为20～50 cm/d,局部最高速度可以达到65 cm/d.在冰舌上提取了一些样点的速度作统计,结果显示各个时段中所有样点的平均速度最高可达33.3 cm/d,最低可至27.9 cm/d.冰舌部分的速度和2004年的数据相比下降了约5 cm/d.  相似文献   

Grain-size distribution,morphoscopy and elemental chemistry of suspended sediments of Pindari Glacier,Kumaon Himalaya,India     

SHIV KUMAR PANDEY  ABHAY KUMAR SINGH  S. I. HASNAIN 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(2):213-226

Abstract

Suspended sediment concentrations in the meltwater of Pindari Glacier were determined at regular intervals in four ablation seasons. The late ablation periods (September 1994 and October 1995) were characterized by a reduced level of sediment concentration, while the sampling periods of early ablation (May 1994 and July 1995) showed very high concentrations of suspended sediment in the meltwater. Grain size distribution shows the dominance of medium and coarse silt fractions of the mean size of the suspended sediments between 4.35 and 5.82 ø. Clay size constitutes about 7% of the total size population. The majority of the samples are poorly sorted, symmetrically to finely skewed and mesokurtic in nature. The grain shows texture of mechanical and chemical origin, in which mechanical texture is predominant on most of the grains. It was observed that the grains were mostly subangular to subrounded in shape with variable size ranges. Bulk sediment chemistry consists mostly (>70%) of the five elements, Si, Al, K, Fe and Mg. Iron (Fe) and Mn are dominant heavy metals and sediments show the elemental abundance in the order of Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Ni > Pb. The Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) of suspended sediments (57) is relatively higher than in the case of average unweathered upper continental crust (~50) indicating a higher degree of weathering due to glacier grinding and crushing action. Quartz is the most dominant mineral, followed by mica, illite, feldspar and kaolinite.  相似文献   

中喀喇昆仑布拉尔杜冰川近期跃动分析          下载免费PDF全文

王振峰  蒋宗立  刘时银  杨婧睿  马致远  王雯清 《干旱区地理》2022,45(4):1032-1041

喀喇昆仑山分布有众多的跃动型冰川,跃动机理存在异质性。使用Landsat、Sentinel-1A、TSX/TDX等多源遥感数据,获取了中喀喇昆仑布拉尔杜冰川在跃动期间冰川表面高程和表面流速变化。结果表明：布拉尔杜冰川从2006年开始,流速逐渐增加;到2013年之后进入快速运动期,最高流速可达4.9 m·d^-1;2015年8月底,冰川表面速度急剧下降,随后保持较低的流速至2016年1月,而后流速再次增加,到同年2月初便进入平静期。2000—2014年冰川主干中上游有明显隆起,而冰川接收区明显减薄,最大减薄达89 m;2014—2018年冰川主干中上游以及各支流均有不同程度的减薄,冰川主干的接收区高程显著增加,最大增厚120 m。根据冰川表面高程变化以及流速变化的特征,认为布拉尔杜冰川的支流引发了此次跃动,且本次跃动受水文机制的影响较大;结合现有的数据和文献,推断布拉尔杜冰川的跃动间隔约为40 a;为喀喇昆仑冰川跃动研究提供更多的实例,也可为此区域冰川灾害预警研究提供参考。  相似文献   

An Assessment of Snow Avalanche Paths and Forest Dynamics Using Ikonos Satellite Data     

Stephen J. Walsh  Daniel J. Weiss  David R. Butler  George P. Malanson 《国际地球制图》2013,28(2):85-93

Abstract

Ikonos panchromatic and multispectral satellite data were acquired in October 2000 and August 2002 for a test area along US Highway 2, the southern border of Glacier National Park (GNP), Montana, USA. The research goals were to map snow avalanche paths and to characterize vegetation patterns in selected paths for longitudinal (i.e., source, track, and runout) and transverse (i.e., inner, flanking, outer) zones as part of a study of forest dynamics and nutrient flux from paths into terrestrial and aquatic systems. In some valleys, as much as 50 percent of the area may be covered by snow avalanche paths, and as such, serve as an important carbon source servicing terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Snow avalanches move woody debris down‐slope by snapping, tipping, trimming, and excavating branches, limbs, and trees, and by injuring and scaring trees that remain in‐place. Further, snow avalanches alter the vegetation structure on paths through secondary plant succession of disturbed areas. Contrast and edge enhancements, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and the Tasseled Cap greenness and wetness transformations were used to examine vegetation patterns in selected paths that were affected by high magnitude snow avalanches during the winter of 2001-2002. Using image transects organized in longitudinal patterns in paths and in forests, and transects arranged in transverse patterns across the sampled paths, the Tasseled Cap transforms (and NDVI values) were plotted and assessed. Preliminary results suggest that NDVI patterns are different for paths and forests, and Tasseled Cap greenness and wetness patterns are different for longitudinal and transverse zones that describe the morphology of snow avalanche paths. The differentiation of paths from the background forest and the characterization of paths by morphometric zones through remote sensing has implications for mapping forest disturbances and dynamics over time and for large geographic areas and for modeling nutrient flux in terrestrial and aquatic systems.  相似文献