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391.
《The Professional geographer》2013,65(3):567-590
Books reviewed in this article: Aerial Photography and Remote Sensing Aerial photography and image interpretation for Resource Management. DAVIDP. PAINE. Analytical Models and Techniques Spatial Processes Models and ApplicationsA. D. CLIFFAND J. K. ORD Quantitative and Statistical Approaches to Geography: A Practical ManualJOHNA. MATTHEWS. Cartography and Maps Map Data Processing. HERBERTFREEMANAND GOFFREDOG. PIERONI, eds. Computer-assisted Cartography: Principles and Prospects, 1982. MARKS. MONMONIER. Cultural Navajo Architecture: Forms, History, Distributions. STEPHENC. JETTAND VIRGINIAE . SPENCER. Rational Landscapes and Humanistic Geography. EDWARDRELPH. Economic The Structure and Control of a State Economy. W. L. L'ESPERANCE. Economic Geography. JAMES O. WHEELER AND PETER O. MULLER. The Myth of the Family Farm: Agribusiness Dominance of U.S. Agriculture. INGOLF VOCELER. Libya: The Experience of Oil. J. A. ALLEN. Geography of Public Finance, Welfare Under Fiscal Federalism and local Government Finance. ROBERT BENNETT. Environmental Management, Resources, and Systems Mountains and Man. LARRY W. PRICE. Environmental Geology. DONALD R. COATES. An Introduction to Environmental Systems. G. H. DURY. The Environment: Chinese and American Views. Edited by LAURENCE J. C. MAAND ALLEN G. NOBLE. Land Use in America. RICHARD H. JACKSON. Medical Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Medical Geography. MELINDA S. MEADE (ed.). Philosophy and Geographic Thought Birds in Egg/Eggs in Bird. GUNNAR OLSSON. PhysicaI Climatology: Selected Applications. J. E. OLIVER. Geomorphological Techniques. ANDREW GOUDIE (ed.). Political Politics, Geography and Behaviour. RICHARD MUIR AND RONAN PADDISON. The State of the World Atlas. MICHAEL KIDRON AND RONALD SECAL. Population The Population of the South. DUDLEY L. POSTON, JR. AND ROBERT H. WELLER, eds. Regional Latin America: Economic Development and Regional Differentiation. ARTHUR MORRIS. Developing the Amazon. EMILIO F. MORAN. Western Europe: A Systematic Human Geography. BRIAN W. ILBERY. Settlement Systems in Sparsely Settled Regions: The United States and Australia. RICHARD E. LONSDALEAND JOHN H. HOLMES, eds. African Perspectives: The Economic Geography of Nine African States. HARMDEBUJAND ESMOND MARTIN, eds. Rural Nonmetropolitan America in Transition. AMOS H. HAWLEYAND SARA MILLS MAZIE, eds. Social Crime and Environment. R. NORMAN DAVIDSON. The Ghetto: Readings with Interpretations. JOE T. DARDEN, ed. Urban Urban Problems and Planning in the Developed World. MICHAEL PACIONE (ed.) Problems and Planning in Third World Cities. Edited by MICHAEL PACIONE. The City in West Europe. D. BURTENSHAW, M. BATEMAN, AND C. J. ASHWORTH. 相似文献
392.
A new approach, based on the application of multi-spectral remote sensing data of Landsat imagery, is introduced to determine large-scale spatiotemporal variations of forest cover changes quantitatively and with a high degree of precision. The test area covers about 837,330.5 ha of a mountainous region in Central Italy. The approach employs several multi-temporal Landsat acquisitions to account for forest cover changes larger than 0.5 ha for the period from March 2002 to July 2011. In contrast to automated approaches that strongly curtail mapping time, the approach introduced here allowed us to map only the real forest cover change, based on a robust validation and rectification of the detected forest change. Derived high spatial resolution data of forest change estimates indicate that about 5.7% (47,670.5 ha) of the observed forest area was subject to human-induced change between 2002 and 2011. Moreover, the detected forest cover changes, most of which are identifiable as timber harvesting, are considerably larger than those reported in the official statistics and often fall within the perimeter of restricted areas (i.e., national parks and natural reserves). 相似文献
393.
The 1627 Gargano earthquake (Southern Italy): Identification and characterization of the causative fault 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
We present the results of a study of the subsurface tectonic features of the Basso Molise, Western Gargano and Northern Capitanata regions (Southern Italy) aimed at the identification of the source of the disastrous 1627 Gargano earthquake. In the maximum-damage area of this earthquake we have recognised a normal fault, here called the Apricena Fault, which has been identified as the fault that caused the seismic event. The Apricena Fault, striking WNW-ESE and dipping towards SSW, extends in the subsurface for about 30 kilometres from Serracapriola to Santa Maria di Stignano cutting through the whole Quaternary sequence. Other important tectonic structures trending WNW-ESE recognized in the area belong to an inactive Pleistocene strike-slip-fault system that is linked to the Mattinata Fault and to its offshore continuation in the Gondola-Grifone structural high. The Mattinata Fault and the Gondola-Grifone High form a quite complex structural feature whose kinematic behaviour is still matter of debate in the regional geological literature. NW-SE structural features recognized in the area are extensional faults whose activity was probably related to the late flexure-hinge retreat of the Adria plate margin during the Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene eastward migration of the thrust belt-foredeep-foreland system. 相似文献
394.
A review of natural sinkhole phenomena in Italian plain areas 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Italian sinkholes, which are mainly related to karst phenomena (i.e., solution sinkholes, collapse sinkholes, etc.), are widespread
along the Apennine ridge and in pedemontane areas where there are carbonatic bedrock outcrops. However, other collapses, which
seem unrelated to karst dissolution, have been identified in plain areas with a thick sedimentary cover over buried bedrock.
The main goal of this work is to study the geological, geomorphological, and structural setting of these areas to identify
the possible mechanism of the generation and evolution of these collapses. About 750 cases were identified by research based
on historical archives, specific geological literature, and information from local administrations. Geological, geomorphological,
and hydro-geochemical surveys were conducted in 300 cases, supported by literature, borehole, and seismic data. A few examples
were discarded because they could be ascribed to karst dissolution, volcanic origin (i.e., maar), or anthropogenic causes.
Field studies regarding the other 450 cases are in progress. These cases occur along the Tyrrhenian margin (Latium, Abruzzo,
Campania, Tuscany) in tectonic, coastal, and alluvial plains close to carbonate ridges. These plains are characterized by
the presence of pressurized aquifers in the buried bedrock, overlaid by unconsolidated sediments (i.e., clay, sands, pyroclastic
deposits, etc.). The majority of these collapses are aligned along regional master and seismogenetic faults. About 50% of
the studied cases host small lakes or ponds, often characterized by highly mineralized springs enriched with CO2 and H2S. The Periadriatic margin does not seem to be affected by these phenomena, and only a few cases have been found in Sicily,
Sardinia, and Liguria. The obtained scenarios suggests that this type of collapse could be related to upward erosion through
vertical conduits (i.e., deep faults) caused by deep piping processes whose erosive strength is increased by the presence
of acidic fluids. In order to distinguish these collapses from typical karst dissolution phenomena, they are defined as deep
piping sinkholes (DPS). 相似文献
395.
Neural networks and landslide susceptibility: a case study of the urban area of Potenza 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
For those working in the field of landslide prevention, the estimation of hazard levels and the consequent production of thematic
maps are principal objectives. They are achieved through careful analytical studies of the characteristics of landslide prone
areas, thus, providing useful information regarding possible future phenomena. Such maps represent a fundamental step in the
drawing up of adequate measures of landslide hazard mitigation. However, for a complete estimation of landslide hazard, meant
as the degree of probability that a landslide occurs in a given area, within a given space of time, detailed and uniformly
distributed data regarding their incidence and causes are required. This information, while obtainable through laborious historical
research, is usually partial, incomplete and uneven, and hence, unsatisfactory for zoning on a regional scale. In order to
carry this out effectively, the utilization of spatial estimation of the relative levels of landslide hazard in the various
areas was considered opportune. These areas were classified according to their levels of proneness to landslide activity without
taking recurrence periods into account. Various techniques were developed in order to obtain upheaval numerical estimates.
The method used in this study, which was applied in the area of Potenza, is based on techniques derived from artificial intelligence
(Artificial Neural Network—ANN). This method requires the definition of appropriate thematic layers, which parameterize the
area under study. These are recognized by means of specific analyses in a functional relationship to the event itself. The
parameters adopted are: slope gradient, slope aspect, topographical index, topographical shape, elevation, land use and lithology. 相似文献
396.
The role of land use and environmental factors on microbial pollution of mountainous limestone aquifers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Limestone aquifers in Southern Italy are often affected by bacterial contamination produced by pasture and agriculture. The
main goals of this study were (1) to analyze the role of land use and environmental factors on microbial contamination and,
(2) to identify, at field scale, the most suitable indicator of fecal pollution, by comparing fecal coliforms and fecal enterococci.
Analyzing surface and spring water, it was noted that both fecal indicators showed a significant decrease during the period
characterized by freezing and/or freeze-thaw intervals. The data analysis shows that fecal coliforms are characterized by
a significant decrease in population (3 orders of magnitude, at least) during the freezing period, while fecal enterococci
are temporarily inhibited. A taxonomic classification of fecal enterococci detected in spring water samples was performed
by the API 20 Strep system and by sequencing of the ribosomal 16S DNA genes. The results showed that freezing conditions did
not cause any significant change on the set of enterococcal species. 相似文献
397.
Geochemistry of lamprophyres from the Western Alps,Italy: implications for the origin of an enriched isotopic component in the Italian mantle 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Jennifer Paige Owen 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2008,155(3):341-362
Cenozoic lamprophyres (minettes, spessartites, kersantite) from the Western Alps, northern Italy, represent small volume,
mafic melts with high Mg#s and high Ni and Cr contents. All the lamprophyres show light REE enrichment, high incompatible
element contents, and Ta, Ti and Nb troughs on chondrite-normalized diagrams. Age-corrected 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratios (assuming t = 30 Ma) are highly variable and range from 0.70590 to 0.71884; 143Nd/144Nd ratios range from 0.51203 to 0.51242. Pb isotopic ratios are: 206Pb/204Pb = 18.669–18.895, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.605–15.689 and 208Pb/204Pb = 38.224–39.134. 87Sr/86Sr ratios show a negative correlation with 143Nd/144Nd, and a positive correlation with K, Ba, and Rb as well as with Ti, Th, Ta, Nb and Zr abundances. The primitive nature of
the lamprophyres, coupled with their enriched incompatible trace element and isotopic signatures, suggest derivation from
a metasomatized upper mantle source. Linear arrays in isotope space and elemental data plots suggest mixing between two distinct
end-members in the Italian mantle; an enriched end-member that is isotopically similar to pelagic sediments, and a significantly
less enriched end-member that approaches Bulk Earth values. New isotopic data indicate that the mantle source(s) of the lamprophyres
from the Western Alps contain a very high proportion of the enriched end-member. The geochemical signature of the enriched
end-member is attributed to fluids or melts derived from pelagic sediments subducted during the closure of the Tethyan Ocean
in the late Cretaceous to early Tertiary. 相似文献
398.
V. Naudet M. Lazzari A. Perrone A. Loperte S. Piscitelli V. Lapenna 《Engineering Geology》2008,98(3-4):156-167
Most of Basilicata region in the southern Italian Apennines is characterized by landslides often developing in clayey–marly formations. Many events have been triggered by extreme rainfall or snowmelt. The most important happened (on February–March 2005) at Bosco Piccolo 5 km far from Potenza. This landslide developed subsequently to rapid snowmelt occurred during alternating short periods of high temperatures and intense and continuous snowfalls. This complex landslide affected 4 ha of surface and reached a maximum depth of 20 m inducing damage and collapse of about 80% of the buildings in the village. An integrated multidisciplinary approach has been adopted to study the landslide. A multitemporal aerial photo interpretation and detailed geomorphological surveys have been carried out. Combined Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Self-Potential (SP) measurements have been performed and calibrated with boreholes stratigraphy. Such an integrated approach allowed us to partially reconstruct the geometry of the investigated body and to evaluate the effectiveness of drainage system planned for the area. 相似文献
399.
RICHARD G. WOODFINE HUGH C. JENKYNS MASSIMO SARTI† FRANCESCO BARONCINI† CRESCENZO VIOLANTE‡ 《Sedimentology》2008,55(4):1011-1028
Chemostratigraphic analyses (87Sr/86Sr, δ13Ccarb) of limestones from two Jurassic platform‐carbonate sequences in Italy (Trento and Campania–Lucania Platforms) illustrate previously established trends found in pelagic sediments and skeletal carbonates from biostratigraphically well‐calibrated sections elsewhere in Europe. Chemostratigraphic correlations between the platform‐carbonate successions and appropriate intervals from well‐dated reference sections allow the application of high‐resolution stratigraphy to these shallow‐water peritidal carbonates and, furthermore, elucidate the facies response to the Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE). Lower Jurassic (Toarcian) levels of the western Trento Platform (Southern Alps, Northern Italy) contain spiculitic cherts that appear where rising carbon‐isotope values characterize the onset of the OAE: a palaeoceanographic phenomenon interpreted as driven by increased nutrient levels in near‐surface waters. There is a facies change to more clay‐rich facies at the level of the abrupt negative carbon‐isotope excursion, also characteristic of the OAE, higher in the section. The Campania–Lucania Platform (Southern Apennines, Southern Italy) records a change to more clay‐rich facies where carbon‐isotope values begin to rise at the beginning of the OAE but the negative excursion, higher in the section, occurs within oolitic facies. Although, in both examples, the Early Toarcian OAE can be recognized by a change to more clay‐rich lithologies, this facies development is diachronous and in neither case did the platform drown. Although the Trento Platform, in the south‐west sector studied here, was adversely affected by the OAE, it did not drown definitively until Late Aalenian time; the Campania–Lucania Platform persisted throughout the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Differential subsidence rates, which can be calculated using comparative chemostratigraphy, are identified as a crucial factor in the divergent behaviour of these two carbonate platforms: relatively fast in the case of the Trento Platform; relatively slow in the case of the Campania–Lucania Platform. It is proposed that where water depths remained as shallow as a few metres during the OAE (Campania–Lucania Platform), dissolved oxygen levels remained high, nutrient levels relatively low and conditions for carbonate secretion and precipitation remained relatively favourable, whereas more poorly ventilated and/or more nutrient‐rich waters (Trento Platform) adversely influenced platform growth where depths were in the tens of metres range. The stage was thus set for drowning on the more rapidly subsiding western margin of the Trento Plateau and a pulse of oolite deposition post‐dating the OAE was insufficient to revitalize the carbonate factory. 相似文献
400.
Assessment of prediction performances of stochastic models: Monthly groundwater level prediction in Southern Italy
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Stochastic modelling of hydrological time series with insufficient length and data gaps is a serious challenge since these problems significantly affect the reliability of statistical models predicting and forecasting skills. In this paper, we proposed a method for searching the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average(SARIMA) model parameters to predict the behavior of groundwater time series affected by the issues mentioned. Based on the analysis of statistical indices, 8 stations among 44 available within the Campania region(Italy) have been selected as the highest quality measurements. Different SARIMA models, with different autoregressive, moving average and differentiation orders had been used.By reviewing the criteria used to determine the consistency and goodness-of-fit of the model, it is revealed that the model with specific combination of parameters, SARIMA(0,1,3)(0,1,2) _(12), has a high R~2 value,larger than 92%, for each of the 8 selected stations. The same model has also good performances for what concern the forecasting skills, with an average NSE of about 96%. Therefore, this study has the potential to provide a new horizon for the simulation and reconstruction of groundwater time series within the investigated area. 相似文献