Using a Large-Aperture Scintillometer to Measure Absorption and Refractive Index Fluctuations     

J. P. Nieveen  A. E. Green  W. Kohsiek 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1998,87(1):101-116

The contributions of refraction and absorption fluctuations to the measured scintillations are observed for a near-infrared absorption region using a NOAA designed large-aperture scintillometer. The logarithmic amplitude spectra are shown to decay with frequency as f^-8/3 for both the absorption and scattering mechanisms. For the absorption mechanism this is in line with similar observations made at microwave and infrared frequencies. However, for finite transmitting and receiving apertures, theory predicts a stronger decay of the scattering mechanism due to aperture averaging. The spectral shape is characterised by a region of low frequency absorption, higher frequency refraction and separated by a flattish transition zone. The upper observed corner frequency (f_C2) compares well with values calculated using the measured transverse windspeed (v) for a known aperture radius. The lower corner frequency (f_C1) position is shown to be sensitive to the ratio of the real and imaginary part of the refractive index structure parameter, (C _nR ² /C _nI ² )^3/8, and v. The part of the spectrum associated with the absorption scintillations is observed to be much less than that due to refraction through the day until evening, when decreasing C _nR ² causes C _nR ² /C _nI ² to decrease and absorption to become significant. If absorption is ignored, this may have consequences for calculating nocturnal surface fluxes. During unstable, daytime conditions the large aperture scintillometer is most sensitive to refractive scintillations despite having an infrared source transmitting in a lossy atmosphere. But also under these conditions, the low frequency absorption part of the spectrum is observable.  相似文献   

豆状核结构模糊对早期诊断大面积脑梗塞的价值     

李晓阳 《CT理论与应用研究》1996,5(3):16-17

本文通过对２５例早期诊断的大面积脑梗塞的分析，论证了豆状核结构模糊在早期诊断大面积脑梗塞中的价值。  相似文献   

A practical numerical method for large strain liquefaction analysis of saturated soils     

Yuan Di  Tadanobu Sato 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2004,24(3):251-260

Accurate prediction of the liquefaction of saturated soils is based on strong coupling between the pore fluid phase and soil skeleton. A practical numerical method for large strain dynamic analysis of saturated soils is presented. The u–p formulation is used for the governing equations that describe the coupled problem in terms of soil skeleton displacement and excess pore pressure. A mixed finite element and finite difference scheme related to large strain analysis of saturated soils based on the updated Lagrangian method is given. The equilibrium equation of fluid-saturated soils is spatially discretized by the finite element method, whereas terms associated with excess pore pressure in the continuity equation are spatially discretized by the finite difference method. An effective cyclic elasto-plastic constitutive model is adopted to simulate the non-linear behavior of saturated soils under dynamic loading. Several numerical examples that include a saturated soil column and caisson-type quay wall are presented to verify the accuracy of the method and its usefulness and applicability to solutions of large strain liquefaction analysis of saturated soils in practical problems.  相似文献   

Characterization of liquefaction resistance in gravelly soil: large hammer penetration test and shear wave velocity approach   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Ping-Sien Lin  Chi-Wen Chang  Wen-Jong Chang 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2004,24(9-10):675

Gravelly soil is generally recognized to have no liquefaction potential. However, liquefaction cases were reported in central Taiwan in the 1999 Chi-Chi Taiwan earthquake and in the 1988 Armenia earthquake. Thus, further studies on the liquefaction potential of gravelly soil are warranted. Because large particles can impede the penetration of both standard penetration test and cone penetration test, shear wave velocity-based correlations and large hammer penetration tests (LPT) are employed to evaluate the liquefaction resistance of gravelly soils. A liquefied gravelly deposit site during the Chi-Chi earthquake was selected for this research. In situ physical properties of soil deposits were collected from exploratory trenches. Instrumented LPT and shear wave velocity (V_s) measurements were performed to evaluate the liquefaction resistance. In addition, large-scale cyclic triaxial tests on remolded gravelly soil samples (15 cm in diameter, 30 cm in height) were conducted to verify and improve LPT-based and V_s-based correlations. The results show that the LPT and shear wave velocity methods are reasonably suitable for liquefaction assessment of gravelly soils.  相似文献   

Improvement of the K-profile Model for the Planetary Boundary Layer based on Large Eddy Simulation Data   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10  

Y. Noh  W. G. Cheon  S. Y. Hong  S. Raasch 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2003,107(2):401-427

Modifications of the widely used K-profile model of the planetary boundary layer (PBL), reported by Troen and Mahrt (TM) in 1986, are proposed and their effects examined by comparison with large eddy simulation (LES) data. The modifications involve three parts. First, the heat flux from the entrainment at the inversion layer is incorporated into the heat and momentum profiles, and it is used to predict the growth of the PBL directly. Second, profiles of the velocity scale and the Prandtl number in the PBL are proposed, in contrast to the constant values used in the TM model. Finally, non-local mixing of momentum was included. The results from the new PBL model and the original TM model are compared with LES data. The TM model was found to give too high PBL heights in the PBL with strong shear, and too low heights for the convection-dominated PBL, which causes unrealistic heat flux profiles. The new PBL model improves the predictability of the PBL height and produces profiles that are more realistic. Moreover, the new PBL model produces more realistic profiles of potential temperature and velocity. We also investigated how each of these three modifications affects the results, and found that explicit representation of the entrainment rate is the most critical.  相似文献   

Experimental Research on the Load／Unload Response Ratio （LURR） Theory     

Yu Huaizhong  Yin Xiangchu  Liang Naigang  Xia Mengfen  Li Min  Xu Zhaoyong  Peng Keyin  Victor Kukshenko  Wu Zhishen  Qi Li  Surguei Elizarov 《中国地震研究》2003,17(3):227-235

Implementing acoustic emission experiments with large rock samples, LURR (Load/Unload Response Ratio) theory was studied. The loading conditions in the experiments were designed to simulate the complicated loading process of underground rocks. The damages emerging inside the rock samples were recorded by the acoustic emission technique during the loading process. The experimental results were consistent with prediction by LURR theory. Integrating the changing processes of LURR value Y and the location process of acoustic emission events showed agreement between the variation of LURR value Y and the damage evolution inside the rocks. Furthermore, the high value of Y emerged before the complete breakdown of materials. Therefore, the damage evolution of rock specimen can be quantitatively analyzed with LURR theory, thus the failure of the rock materials and the earthquake occurrence may be predicted. The experimental results gave a further verification of LURR theory.  相似文献   

喀斯特地区大直径人工挖孔桩设计及技术难点     

何元斌 《云南地质》2003,22(3):321-325

简要分析大直径嵌岩灌注桩的承载机理，根据国家现行规范，结合地方实践经验。对岩溶地区大直径人工挖孔桩设计与施工中的若干难点技术作初步探讨。  相似文献   

强夯接触力和接触位移的碰撞分析求解   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

蒋鹏  李荣强  孔德坊 《工程地质学报》2002,10(1):108-112

首次采用大变形动力接触有限元法分析了强夯对地基土的冲击碰撞过程 ,锤底接触力和夯沉量过程中直接求得 ,且能模拟夯锤与地基土的多次接触分离过程 ,适应于各种复杂的地基土条件和夯击能条件 ,克服了现有其它方法的不足和缺陷。文章最后给出了系列工程算例 ,验证了本文计算模型的合理型  相似文献   

Integrated Sensible Heat Flux Measurements of a Two-Surface Composite Landscape using Scintillometry   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J.-P. Lagouarde  J.-M. Bonnefond  Y. H. Kerr  K. J. McAneney  M. Irvine 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2002,105(1):5-35

The potential of the LAS (large aperture scintillometry) method for measuring sensible heat flux (H) directly integrated over a two-field composite surface is evaluated. We describe a field experiment performed within the Alpilles/ReSeDa project in the south-east of France over a composite surface made up of wheat and bare soil (451 and 216 m long respectively) using two 0.15-m diameter scintillometers mounted at heights of 2.05 and 4.54 m. When compared against reference values obtained by the eddy correlation technique, LAS-measured sensible heat flux reveals a systematic overestimation of about 10%. A simple model describing the integration of the scintillometer signal along the beam for a two-field composite surface is described. A simulation of the experiment confirms that the bias observed isrelated to non-linearities in the integration process in relation with thebell-shape sensitivity curve of the instrument to the structure parameter for the refractive index it measures. The model is used to test the sensitivity of the LAS-derived H values to the composition of the pathlength (ratio of both surfaces) and to the contrast in sensible heat flux and roughness length between the two fields. Sensitivity tests to the aggregation scheme for roughness length (two of them are tested) and to the measurement height are also presented. The composition of the surface in combination with the contrast in sensible heat flux (in direct relation with the contrast in latent heat flux) explains most of the bias, with possible deviations ranging from -50 up to 80 W m^-2. A tentative semi-empirical method for correcting the bias is suggested, which only requires a crude estimate of the contrast in component sensible heat fluxes along the pathlength.  相似文献   

Characterisation of a Pleistocene debris-avalanche deposit in the Tenteniguada Basin,Gran Canaria Island,Spain     

Alejandro Lomoschitz  Javier Hervás  Jorge Yepes  Joaquín Meco 《Landslides》2008,5(2):227-234

We studied a large debris-avalanche deposit of Pleistocene age in the Tenteniguada Basin, Gran Canaria Island, Spain. This deposit, which is well preserved because it is mostly covered by basanite lava flows, has distinctive matrix and block facies, hummocky topography and internal structures typical of debris avalanches. However, neither syneruptive lavas nor some characteristic features of volcanic debris-avalanche deposits, such as a stratovolcano edifice or a horseshoe-shaped crater, are present. The occurrence of internal features characteristic of volcanic avalanche deposits could be attributed to the volcanic materials involved in the movement rather than to the triggering of the avalanche during a volcanic eruption. The conditioning factors are shown to be associated with specific structural and hydrological conditions, such as the presence of old volcanic domes, strength reduction of the rocks, effective stress decrease, active gully erosion and water table rise during Pleistocene humid episodes. We finally suggest that the possible triggering factor of the avalanche was a neighbouring volcanic or tectonic earthquake.  相似文献