‘Surface Drag in the Arctic Marginal Sea-ice Zone: A Comparison of Different Parameterisation Concepts’   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Christof?LüpkesEmail author  Gerit?Birnbaum 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2005,117(2):179-211

Two parameterisation schemes for the turbulent surface fluxes and drag coefficients over the Arctic marginal sea-ice zone (MIZ) are (further) developed, and their results are compared with each other. Although the schemes are based on different principles (flux averaging and parameter averaging), the resulting drag coefficients differ only slightly in the case of neutral and stable stratification. For unstable stratification and sea-ice conditions being typical for the north-eastern Fram Strait, the drag coefficients resulting from the parameter-averaging concept are 5–10% larger than those of the flux-averaging concept. At a sea-ice concentration of 45%, the parameter-averaging method overestimates the heat fluxes by a factor of 1.2. An inclusion in the schemes of form drag caused by floe edges and ridges has a much larger effect on the drag coefficient, and on the momentum fluxes, than the choice between the parameter-averaging or flux-averaging methods. Based on sensitivity studies with the flux-averaging scheme, a simple formula for the effective drag coefficient above the Arctic MIZ is derived. It reduces the computational costs of the more complex parameterisations and could also be used in larger scale models. With this simple formula, the effective drag coefficient can be calculated as a function of the sea-ice concentration and skin drag coefficients for water and ice floes. The results obtained with this parameterisation differ only slightly from those using the more complex schemes. Finally, it is shown that in the MIZ, drag coefficients for sea-ice models may differ significantly from the effective drag coefficients used in atmospheric models.  相似文献   

中国近海海平面变化趋势的对比分析     

盛芳  智海  刘海龙  林鹏飞 《气候与环境研究》2016,21(3):346-356

本文分析了近40年的中国近海验潮站资料海表面高度的线性变化趋势,并与卫星高度计资料进行了对比。通过对验潮站资料的分析发现,中国海域无论是近40年(1970~2013年)、还是近20年(1993~2013年)海平面均显著上升。各海区近20年的海平面上升有加速的趋势,且各时段上升速率大于全球平均海平面上升率。但是,受到海平面的年际和年代际变化的影响,近10年海平面上升趋势放缓。同时,本文也分析了不同季节海平面变化的趋势,北部海域秋季最大,冬季最小;南海海域春季最大,秋季最小。通过AVISO资料和验潮站资料的对比可以发现,AVISO资料在描述近20年海平面变化的线性趋势上与验潮站资料接近,较大的差异主要是由验潮站地表发生升降引起的。同时,通过对比也发现了用验潮站资料估算海域平均的海平面高度变化会有一定的误差,在黄海、渤海、东海海域验潮站估计的数值偏高,而在南海海域则偏低。  相似文献   

Integration of remote sensing,county-level census,and machine learning for century-long regional cropland distribution data reconstruction     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2020

The Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley (LMAV) was home to about ten million hectare bottomland hardwood (BLH) forests in the Southern U.S. It experienced over 80 % area loss of the BLH forests in the past centuries and large-scale afforestation in recent decades. Due to the lack of a high-resolution cropland dataset, impacts of land use change (LUC) on the LMAV ecosystem services have not been fully understood. In this study, we developed a novel framework by integrating the machine learning algorithm, county-level agricultural census, and satellite-based cropland products to reconstruct the LMAV cropland distribution during 1850–2018 at a 30-m resolution. Results showed that the LMAV cropland area increased from 0.78 × 10⁴ km² in 1850 to 6.64 × 10⁴ km² in 1980 and then decreased to 6.16 × 10⁴ km² in 2018. Cropland expansion rate was the largest in the 1960s (749 km² yr⁻¹) but decreased rapidly thereafter, whereas cropland abandonment rate increased substantially in recent decades with the largest rate of 514 km² yr⁻¹ in the 2010s. Our dataset has three notable features: (1) the depiction of fine spatial details, (2) the integration of the county-level census, and (3) the inclusion of a machine-learning algorithm trained by satellite-based land cover product. Most importantly, our dataset well captured the continuous increasing trend in cropland area from 1930–1960, which was misrepresented by other cropland datasets reconstructed from the state-level census. Our dataset would be important to accurately evaluate the impacts of historical deforestation and recent afforestation efforts on regional ecosystem services, attribute the observed hydrological changes to anthropogenic and natural driving factors, and investigate how the socioeconomic factors control regional LUC pattern. Our framework and dataset are crucial to developing managerial and policy strategies for conserving natural resources and enhancing ecosystem services in the LMAV.  相似文献   

蔚广盆地南缘断裂带唐山口段山前断层活动性研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王林  田勤俭  李德文  张效亮 《震灾防御技术》2017,12(2):319-328

蔚广盆地是山西地堑系北端京西北盆岭构造区内的一个半地堑盆地,蔚广盆地南缘断裂带为控制该盆地形成的边界断裂。该断裂带位于唐山口段的山前断裂在冲洪积扇体上形成了线性特征显著的断层陡坎。横跨断层陡坎开挖的探槽表明该条山前断裂属于全新世活动断裂,探槽揭示了2条活动断层以及相应的3次古地震事件。在距今约9ka时其中一条断层首次活动,之后在距今约7.3ka时该条断层再次活动并引发了另一条断层的形成与同步活动。最后它们又发生了第三次活动,而最新一次活动的时间由于相应地表沉积的缺失而无法获得。这3次古地震事件的累积垂直位错约为8.1m。估算出整条山前断裂的平均复发周期约为1.7ka、平均滑动速率约为1.6mm/a。此外还依据经验公式估算出了各次古地震的参考震级。  相似文献   

Neotectonic Deformation of Pleistocene Deposits Along the Sudetic Marginal Fault,Southwestern Poland     

Dariusz Krzyszkowski  Dan Bowman 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1997,22(6):545-562

The 160 km long Sudetic Marginal Fault (SMF) of Middle Silesia, southwestern Poland, is a main Alpine fault oriented NW–SE. This paper provides evidence of possible neotectonic activity in front of the SMF. The data are based on three exposures in the Roztoka–Mokrzeszow Graben near the city of Swidnica. Morphotectonic evidence in front of the SMF is also examined. Two sets of extensional deformation features are exposed and analysed. The main one includes gently inclined normal faults and flexures, with displacements in the bedrock of at least several metres. Based on the Quaternary stratigraphy of the region, the age of deformation is most probably Lower Saalian (Upper Pleistocene). The trigger for the deformation was probably the re-reactivation of the SMF and other faults due to the advance of the Lower Saalian Scandinavian ice-sheet into the Sudetic Mountains. The secondary deformation system includes sub-vertical, often conjugate faults with displacements up to 0·5 m superimposed on former structures. Its dominant normal faulting mode suggests an extensional stress regime that apparently coincides with the post-glacial glacioisostatic rebound. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

2012年印尼8.6级地震应变地震波的Hilbert-Huang时频分析     

李文军  张晶  刘琦  池顺良  梁建宏  王武星  曹建玲 《地震》2014,34(2):45-54

本文通过端点效应压制的Hilbert-Huang变换, 对大同及沁源台布置的四分量钻孔应变仪记录的印尼8.6级地震激发的应变地震波形进行时频分析, 结果显示印尼8.6级地震的主震和8.2级余震的应变地震波序列各个震相具有不同的时频特征: ① 地震波到达之前的所谓“环境噪声”部分, 瞬时频率低, 瞬时振幅小; ② P波初至时, 高频成分突然增加, 振幅也随即增强; ③ S波到达时, 频率有所降低而振幅剧烈上升; ④ 面波到达时, 振幅进一步剧烈上升达到整个序列的极大值; ⑤ 尾波部分振幅逐渐降低, 但与噪声部分相比频率依然偏高, 振幅依然偏大。 本文也将应变地震波与地震仪记录的地震波进行对比, 虽然应变地震波与地震波波形和Fourier谱具有极高的相关系数, 但从Hilbert-Huang变换得到的边际谱上看, 应变地震波与地震波有显著的区别, 应变地震波比地震波记录的低频成分相对更多。 通过Hilbert谱, 有助于更好地了解非平稳信号的局部特征, 对于突变信号的地震波, Hilbert-Huang变换是一个较好的时频分析工具。  相似文献   

Size fraction and class composition of phytoplankton in the Antarctic marginal ice zone along the 140°E meridian during February–March 2003     

Fuminori Hashihama  Toru Hirawake  Sakae Kudoh  Jota Kanda  Ken Furuya  Yukuya Yamaguchi  Takashi Ishimaru 《Polar Science》2008,2(2):109-120

We investigated the size fraction and pigment-derived class compositions of phytoplankton within the euphotic zone of the Antarctic marginal ice zone between 63.3°S and 66.5°S along the 140°E meridian on two consecutive cruises in the late austral summer and early austral autumn of 2003. We observed significant temporal and spatial variations in phytoplankton size and taxonomic composition, although chlorophyll a concentrations were generally below 1 μg l⁻¹ during both periods. Microphytoplankton (>20 μm), mainly diatoms, were prominent in the euphotic zone in the southernmost area around 66.5°S during late summer. In the rest of the study area during both cruises, the phytoplankton community was dominated by pico- and nano-sized populations (<20 μm) throughout the euphotic zone. The small-size populations mostly consisted of diatoms and haptophytes, although chlorophytes were dominant in extremely cold water (−1.5°C) below the overlying warm water around 65.5°S during late summer. From late summer to early autumn, chlorophytes declined in abundance, probably due to increasing temperature within the euphotic zone (−1 to 0°C). These pico- and nano-phytoplankton-dominated populations were often accompanied by relatively high concentrations of ammonium, suggesting the active regeneration of nutrients within the small-size plankton community.  相似文献   

汶川MS8.0级大震前天基与陆基电场资料联合应用研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

安张辉  杜学彬  范莹莹  刘君  谭大诚  陈军营  解滔 《地球物理学报》2011,54(11):2876-2884

利用边际谱方法对2008年5月12日四川汶川地震前天基和陆基电场变化情况进行了联合分析研究,结果表明:(1)空间电场方面,由重复轨道和连续轨道电场边际谱演化看出,电离层电场从2008年4月27日左右开始,其边际谱出现了明显的增强现象(增大1~2个量级),这种现象一直持续到汶川地震发生.(2)陆基电场方面,中法合作的松山...  相似文献   

中国土壤有机碳库及其演变与应对气候变化   总被引：33，自引：0，他引：33  

潘根兴 《气候变化研究进展》2008,4(5):282-289

 通过综述和评价中国土壤,特别是农田土壤有机碳库（以下简称碳库）的现状与演变态势, 讨论其对我国应对气候变化的意义, 提出了我国土壤碳库及其演变与应对气候变化的基本国情是：1) 我国土壤背景碳储量较低且区域分布不均衡;2) 我国土壤固碳效应明显,未来固碳减排潜力显著;3) 技术和政策是实现和提高我国土壤碳汇、促进我国应对气候变化能力建设的重要途径。建议进一步加强对我国农田土壤固碳减排的研发投入, 完善农业应对气候变化的相关政策和鼓励措施体系,研究构建气候友好的新型农业,以期在提高和稳定农业生产力与应对气候变化能力上获得双赢。  相似文献   

基于多种GPS数据研究福建及其邻近海域1994-1997年地壳水平运动   总被引：18，自引：4，他引：14  

周硕愚  吴云  秦小军  帅平  施顺英  邓干金  周昕  刘序俨  林继华 《地球物理学报》2000,43(4):471-479

为研究中国大陆东南部的边缘海动力学,基于中国大陆和福建区域的ＧＰＳ观测网 以及环绕中国大陆的ＩＧＳ（Ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ ＧＰＳ Ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ）跟踪站在１９９４—１９９７年间的测量数据, 建立块体运动和块内变形两种力学模型,研究了福建及其邻近海域现今地壳水平运动速度场 和应变率场．结果表明：无论在中国大陆还是在中国大陆周边框架内,或相对于台湾而言,福 建及其邻近海域均整体地向着东南或东偏南方向,即指向海洋的方向作水平运动．运动平均 速率为１１．２±３．０ｍｍ／ａ（福建网）或１４．０±４．０ｍｍ／ａ（全国网）．然而在福建区域内还存在着 一种由海洋指向大陆内部的北西向运动,其运动平均速率为 ３．０± ２．６ｍｍ／ ａ．区域应变率场 主压应变方位为ＮＷ（ＮＷＷ）－ＳＥ（ＳＥＥ）．印度板块对欧亚板块的碰撞通过中国大陆内部各 块体间的侧向传递和菲律宾海板块对台湾（欧亚大陆东南沿）的仰冲与挤压,同时作用到福建 及其邻近海域。此种联合作用现今仍在继续进行中,前者的影响比后者更强烈,但前者形成的 速率场均匀,而后者不均匀。  相似文献