一种解算病态问题的方法--两步解法   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

王振杰  欧吉坤  柳林涛 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》2005,30(9):821-824

提出了一种解算病态问题的方法———两步解法。在两步计算中,均采用L曲线法来确定正则化参数α。通过算例,比较了该方法和LS估计、岭估计及截断奇异值方法的效果。结果表明,该方法要明显优于LS估计、岭估计及截断奇异值法。  相似文献   

对SRTM3和GTOPO30地形数据质量的评估   总被引：30，自引：0，他引：30  

陈俊勇 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》2005,30(11):941-944

高分辨率的地形数据在基础地理信息系统、地球重力场建模和大地水准面求定等工程中至关重要。SRTM有3″×3″(SRTM3)和1″×1″(SRTM1)两种分辨率。就全球而言,SRTM3的原始数据已于2004年解密。SRTM3的高程基准是EGM96的大地水准面,平面基准是WGS84;标称绝对高程精度是±16m,绝对平面精度是±20m。SRTM3的数据只覆盖60°N至54°S带状区域内的DSM。对覆盖全球的GTOPO30的DTM也作了概要介绍。  相似文献   

A procedure for testing the assumption of homoscedasticity in least squares residuals: a case study of GPS carrier-phase observations     

W. Bischoff  B. Heck  J. Howind  A. Teusch 《Journal of Geodesy》2005,78(7-8):397-404

Due to increased demands on the quality of the results of Global Positioning System (GPS) evaluations, various authors have studied improvements of the stochastic model of GPS carrier-phase observations. These improvements are based on the reasonable assumption that the commonly used stochastic model with independent and homoscedastic (i.e. equal variance) errors is unrealistic. However, this has not been proved rigorously so far. A statistical test procedure based on uncorrelated least–squares residuals, which allows verification of the hypothesis of a heterogeneous variance, is provided. The statistical test procedure is of interest in its own right, and is independent of the practical problem considered. The presented technique is applied to GPS carrier-phase observations. Results show that the variances of the investigated observations are far from homogeneous. It is indicated that the error variances of the presented data increase with decreasing GPS satellite elevation. These results confirm the assumption that the commonly used stochastic model of GPS observations is inadequate and has to be improved.  相似文献   

Sign-constrained robust least squares, subjective breakdown point and the effect of weights of observations on robustness   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

Peiliang Xu 《Journal of Geodesy》2005,79(1-3):146-159

The findings of this paper are summarized as follows: (1) We propose a sign-constrained robust estimation method, which can tolerate 50% of data contamination and meanwhile achieve high, least-squares-comparable efficiency. Since the objective function is identical with least squares, the method may also be called sign-constrained robust least squares. An iterative version of the method has been implemented and shown to be capable of resisting against more than 50% of contamination. As a by-product, a robust estimate of scale parameter can also be obtained. Unlike the least median of squares method and repeated medians, which use a least possible number of data to derive the solution, the sign-constrained robust least squares method attempts to employ a maximum possible number of good data to derive the robust solution, and thus will not be affected by partial near multi-collinearity among part of the data or if some of the data are clustered together; (2) although M-estimates have been reported to have a breakdown point of 1/(t+1), we have shown that the weights of observations can readily deteriorate such results and bring the breakdown point of M-estimates of Huber’s type to zero. The same zero breakdown point of the L ₁-norm method is also derived, again due to the weights of observations; (3) by assuming a prior distribution for the signs of outliers, we have developed the concept of subjective breakdown point, which may be thought of as an extension of stochastic breakdown by Donoho and Huber but can be important in explaining real-life problems in Earth Sciences and image reconstruction; and finally, (4) We have shown that the least median of squares method can still break down with a single outlier, even if no highly concentrated good data nor highly concentrated outliers exist. An erratum to this article is available at .  相似文献   

A Bayesian method for linear, inequality-constrained adjustment and its application to GPS positioning   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

J. Zhu  R. Santerre  X.-W. Chang 《Journal of Geodesy》2005,78(9):528-534

One of the typical approaches to linear, inequality-constrained adjustment (LICA) is to solve a least-squares (LS) problem subject to the linear inequality constraints. The main disadvantage of this approach is that the statistical properties of the estimate are not easily determined and thus no general conclusions about the superiority of the estimate can be made. A new approach to solving the LICA problem is proposed. The linear inequality constraints are converted into prior information on the parameters with a uniform distribution, and consequently the LICA problem is reformulated into a Bayesian estimation problem. It is shown that the LS estimate of the LICA problem is identical to the Bayesian estimate based on the mode of the posterior distribution. Finally, the Bayesian method is applied to GPS positioning. Results for four field tests show that, when height information is used, the GPS phase ambiguity resolution can be improved significantly and the new approach is feasible.  相似文献   

A type of biased estimators for linear models with uniformly biased data     

C. Kotsakis 《Journal of Geodesy》2005,79(6-7):341-350

The objective of this paper is the comparison of various types of estimators that can be used in linear models with uniformly biased data. This particular case refers to adjustment problems where the available measurements are affected by a common, unknown and uniform offset. The classic least-squares (LS) unbiased estimators for this type of models are reviewed in detail, and some additional remarks on their properties and performance are given. Furthermore, a family of biased estimators for linear models with uniformly biased data is introduced, which has the potential to provide better performance (in terms of mean squared estimation error) than the ordinary LS unbiased solutions. A number of different regularization viewpoints that can be equivalently associated with these biased estimators are presented, along with a discussion on various selection strategies that can be employed for the choice of the regularization parameter that enters into the biased estimation algorithm.  相似文献   

小型水库泥沙淤积成因分析及淤积量的初步估算   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

孙和平 《地下水》2005,27(3):221-222,224

从河流动力学角度分析了小型水库淤积的物理成因,探讨了小型水库入库泥沙量的估算方法,以便根据淤积量和淤积速度估算小型水库运行年限,为合理地规划小型水库的蓄水量以及兴利库容、防洪库容,发挥小型水库的最佳效益,提供基础资料.  相似文献   

印度洋9.0级大地震激发的基频地球球型振荡   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

宋秀青  于海英 《地震地磁观测与研究》2005,26(4):13-17

分析了中国数字地震台网（CDSN）改造后的余山台（SSE）甚长周期地震仪（STS-1，瑞士生产）观测到的大地震后3天的VHZ波形资料，利用功率谱密度估计方法，在没有对资料进行去固体潮处理的情况下，准确获得了2004年12月26日印度洋地震激发的基频球型振荡，并与地球初步参考模型（PREM）的理论自由振荡周期进行了对比，发现实测振荡周期与PREM预测的振荡周期其本符合。其细微差异可以用来研究和解释地球介质的横向不均匀性和各向异性等现象。  相似文献   

How Accurate are Disaster Loss Data? The Case of U.S. Flood Damage     

MARY W. DOWNTON  ROGER A. PIELKE 《Natural Hazards》2005,35(2):211-228

Policy makers need accurate disaster loss data for decisions about disaster assistance, policy evaluation, and scientific research priorities. But loss estimation is difficult in a disaster situation, and initial loss estimates are seldom evaluated in comparison with actual costs. This paper uses the example of historical flood damage data in the U.S. to evaluate disaster loss data. It evaluates the accuracy of historical flood damage estimates from two federal agencies. The U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) has compiled annual flood loss estimates for each state since 1955. Comparison of the NWS data with similar estimates from five state emergency management agencies reveals substantial disagreement between estimates from different sources. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) began in the 1990s to systematically collect damage estimates and cost data associated with its disaster assistance programs. Comparison of early damage estimates with actual expenditures in a California flood disaster reveals large errors in some estimates for individual counties, but no statistically significant tendency to underestimate or overestimate. Positive and negative errors tend to average out and the total damage estimate for the state approximates the final expenditures. Both comparisons indicate that damage estimates for small events or local jurisdictions often are extremely inaccurate. On the other hand, estimates aggregated over large areas or long time periods appear to be reasonably reliable; that is, this study finds that independent estimates for events with losses greater than $500 million disagree by less than 40. The paper suggests ways of interpreting and using such loss estimates to reduce the likelihood of misinterpretation.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.  相似文献   

居住用途宗地集约利用潜力微观评价探讨——以福州市为例     

肖宝玉  张文开  章牧 《福建地理》2006,(4)

对福州市6宗典型居住用途宗地的容积率、建筑密度、人均用地面积、公共服务设施、绿地率等方面进行调查,采用模糊数学法、专家咨询法等对居住用地的集约利用潜力进行定量和定性评价,确定每宗土地的集约利用潜力等级,得出福州市居住用地总体容积率偏高、建筑密度偏大的结论,提出在今后城市居住用地规划中应当适当下调容积率或建筑密度,提高居住用地的居住质量和土地利用的经济效益等建议.  相似文献