中国省级尺度不同类型主体功能区资金来源结构差异     

程婧瑶  樊杰  陈东 《地理科学进展》2014,33(3):347-355

资金是推进形成主体功能区的重要支撑,正确处理好资金配置中政府和市场的关系是其有效发挥作用的关键。中国不同类型主体功能区在建设初期面临不同的资金约束和资金需求特征,必将带来区域资金配置中政府与市场关系的差异,为了制定更有效、合理的主体功能区资金保障政策,有必要对此进行深入分析。首先建立由市场资金和政府资金构成的区域资金来源结构,其中资金市场化程度指标与中央财政依赖度指标分别反映了区域市场资金相对吸引能力和中央政府财政的支撑力度;选取已经发布省级主体功能区规划的12 个省级行政单元为研究区,对理论分析进行验证。结果表明：四类主体功能区中,开发类地区市场资金比重大于保护类地区,优化开发区市场资金比重大于重点开发区。基于主体功能区规划的初衷,开发类地区更加注重经济效益,且具有更高的预期经济收益,这是其市场资金比重高于保护类地区的主要原因;而在开发类地区内部,优化开发区转型升级产生的资金溢出压力远小于其优越投资环境产生的资金吸引力,这是其市场资金比重高于重点开发区的主要原因。  相似文献   

关中盆地地下水系统分析与地下水资源可持续开发利用对策   总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文

张茂省  朱立峰  王晓勇 《第四纪研究》2005,25(1):15-22

关中盆地是一个完整的、相对独立的地下水系统,按含水介质的结构组合与空间分布以及地下水循环特 征,文章将关中盆地地下水系统进一步划分为黄土台塬孔隙$C裂隙含水系统、冲积平原孔隙含水系统、秦岭山前洪 积平原孔隙含水系统、渭北岩溶含水系统及基岩裂隙含水系统共5个亚系统和26个更次一级的子系统。在研究 各子系统水文地质特征、分析水资源开发利用现状的基础上,认为区内地下水资源开发利用中存在的问题有:地下 水资源污染与浪费严重,重复利用率低;不合理开采地下水,出现负环境效应;行政区块限制,水资源宏观调配不 够;地下水人工调控力度不够,不能有效地促进生态环境良性循环;对地下水资源的研究、规划和管理滞后等方面。 并针对存在的主要问题,提出了5项水资源可持续开发利用对策,包括节水对策、开源对策、改水对策、增补对策以 及管理对策。  相似文献   

First steps towards a quota allocation system in the Indian Ocean     

Jeremy Noye  Kwame Mfodwo 《Marine Policy》2012,36(4):882-894

In response to recommendations made by a recent performance review, the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC) is attempting to develop a quota allocation system (QAS) for management of the tuna and tuna-like species of the Indian Ocean. As “first-movers” in the process, Indonesia, the Seychelles, the European Union, Iran, and the Republic of Korea made contrasting proposals to the IOTC in March 2011 on possible QAS form and structure. Structure (the factors to be taken into account in determining allocation) is critical as it will determine on a long term basis the share accruing to each IOTC member state of the estimated USD 2-3 billion worth of tuna caught in the Indian Ocean each year. This article records and discusses the content of these first steps towards QAS formulation by placing them in the context of rights-based management as applied to the offshore areas falling under tuna RFMO management. The options proposed in March (which the IOTC is still considering) all have a similar architecture but result in sharply divergent allocation outcomes. Despite the sophistication of some of the proposals, the recent IOTC review suggests that the regulatory and management capacity of the IOTC does not match the science and enforcement requirements appropriate to these recent proposals. Perhaps efforts to improve IOTC performance need to be made in parallel with discussions on QAS definition and implementation. To further advance the debate and also concretely demonstrate likely economic outcomes, the article provides indicative monetary valuations of quota allocations proposed. It uses a range of potential historical reference periods (5, 10, 15, and 20 years).  相似文献   

Agricultural land use optimal allocation system in developing area: Application to Yili watershed, Xinjiang Region   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ying Zhang  Hongqi Zhang  Dongying Ni  Wei Song 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2012,22(2):232-244

In developing countries, land productivity involves little market, where the agricultural land use is mainly determined by the food demands as well as the land suitability. The land use pattern will not ensure everywhere enough land for certain cropping if spatial allocation just according to land use suitability. To solve this problem, a subzone and a pre-allocation for each land use are added in spatial allocation module, and land use suitability and area optimization module are incorporated to constitute a whole agricultural land use optimal allocation (ALUOA) system. The system is developed on the platform .Net 2005 using ArcGIS Engine (version 9.2) and C# language, and is tested and validated in Yili watershed of Xinjiang Region on the newly reclaimed area. In the case study, with the help of soil data obtained from 69 points sampled in the fieldwork in 2008, main river data supplied by the Department of Water Resources of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in China, and temperature data provided by Data Center for Resources and Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, land use suitability on eight common crops are evaluated one by one using linear weighted summation method in the land use suitability model. The linear programming (LP) model in area optimization model succeeds to give out land area target of each crop under three scenarios. At last, the land use targets are allotted in space both with a six subzone file and without a subzone file. The results show that the land use maps with a subzone not only ensure every part has enough land for every crop, but also gives a more fragmental land use pattern, with about 87.99% and 135.92% more patches than the one without, while at the expense of loss between 15.30% and 19.53% in the overall suitability at the same time.  相似文献   

Biogeographic characteristics of Zhesi brachiopod fauna and reconstruction of tectonopaleogeography of Jiamusi-Mongolia Block     

WANG Chengwen  LI Ning  ZONG Pu 《世界地质(英文版)》2012,15(2):85-96

The Kungurian-Capitanian ( Permian) Zhesi branchiopod fauna is mainly composed of cold-water typed taxa with high diversity and abundance. This fauna is similar with the coeval brachiopod faunas from Timan-Pechora,Svalbard,and Queen Elizabeth Islands of the Boreal Realm,with no real"warm-water"species. Zhesi brachiopod fauna is a cold-water fauna and should be assigned to the Boreal Realm. Considering the paleogeographic characteristics of this fauna and the basic rationale of paleobiogeographic provinces being controlled by latitude-temperate,and that the above areas were located at 50°N 70°N in the global paleoclimate reconstruction map compiled by Boucot et al. ,the paleo-latitude of the southern margin of Jiamusi-Mongolia Block,where developed the Zhesi brachiopod fauna,is suggested ranging from 40°N to 60°N. Zhesi brachiopod fauna is an endemic fauna,containing more than 75% endemic species and self-grouped as a biogeographic province,termed Inner Mongolia Province. These characteristics indicate that this area was closed or semiclosed at that time. On the Jiamusi-Mongolia Block,the Herlen-Jiamusi Old-land as an obvious "continental barrier"hindered the northward migration of the Zhesi brachiopod fauna and the immigration of brachiopod species from other areas. The Tarim plate has collided with the Kazakhstan plate and the western part of South Tianshan-Beishan-Xar Moron Ocean has been closed. At the same time,the western margin of Jiamusi-Mongolia Block was joined with the Tarim plate. The Xar Moron Ocean in south of Jiamusi-Mongolia Block was wide enough and the ocean temperature rose gradually southward,so that it is not suitable for the cold-water brachiopods to survive and thrive on the northern margin of the North China plate. Thus,the ocean with large width and high temperature formed another natural barrier for the southward migration of the cold-water brachiopods.  相似文献   

克隆植物准噶尔无叶豆的种群生物量结构及回归模型     

王建成  施翔  张道远  尹林克 《中国沙漠》2012,32(1):73-76

根据根茎型克隆植物的特征,建立准噶尔无叶豆各构件单元生物量的模型。结果表明,准噶尔无叶豆的根茎生物量、根生物量、枝生物量和果实生物量分别是6.33、39.72、27.93 g·m^-2和3.47 g·m^-2。地上生物量所占比例为40.55%,小于地下生物量所占的比例59.45%。植株本身的高（H）、高与冠幅（C）的乘积（CH）与各部分生物量间的相关性很高;但C与各部分生物量间的相关性相对较低。在分析H、CH与各生物量相互关系的各种数学模型中,大多数模型有显著的相关性,选择其中相关显著性和R2值最高的模型,建立它们之间的相互关系模型。使用植株的CH所建立起来的线性数学模型对生物量的预测较好,为估算荒漠克隆灌木植物的生物量,提供个例物种的示范。  相似文献   

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘头状沙拐枣幼苗生长和生物量分配对不同灌溉量的响应   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘镇  曾凡江  安桂香  刘波  李海峰  张利刚  高欢欢 《中国沙漠》2012,32(6):1655-1661

水是荒漠生态系统中首要限制因子。由于水分限制程度不同,植物幼苗在生长过程中表现出不同的适应策略。在塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘的沙漠-绿洲过渡带,设计了0 mm（处理A）、100 mm（处理B）、200 mm（处理C）3种不同的灌溉量,对头状沙拐枣幼苗生长和生物量分配展开实验性研究。结果表明:①处理A比处理B和处理C地下生物量均有所增加;不同灌溉条件下,头状沙拐枣幼苗的根冠比均小于1,随灌溉量的减少头状沙拐枣幼苗的根冠比从0.19增加到0.32;即头状沙拐枣通过改变根系生物量分配适应水分条件变化。②随灌溉量的减少, 头状沙拐枣幼苗主根垂直深度和水平根幅均呈增加趋势。处理A时,头状沙拐枣幼苗根系深度达180 cm以上,处理B和C的根系深度均低于160 cm,表明头状沙拐枣幼苗通过根系的伸长生长来适应水分减少。③在生长过程中,头状沙拐枣通过老同化枝枯落适应土壤水分减少。④株高和冠幅随着灌溉量增加呈先增加后减小趋势,基径随着灌溉量的增加而增加,地上生长指标在不同处理间均无显著差异。  相似文献   

Growth response of three globose cacti to radiation and soil moisture: An experimental test of the mechanism behind the nurse effect     

Alejandra Martínez-Berdeja  Teresa Valverde   《Journal of Arid Environments》2008,72(10):1766-1774

Cactus seedlings often establish under nurse plants which modify environmental conditions by increasing moisture and decreasing solar radiation, which may cause beneficial and detrimental effects, respectively, on seedling growth. Three soil moisture treatments (5%, 25% and 60%) and two solar radiation levels (100% exposure=243 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, and 40%=102 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) were used in a factorial design to analyze seedling growth response of three rare cactus species (Mammillaria pectinifera, Obregonia denegrii and Coryphantha werdermannii). The variables evaluated were relative growth rate (RGR), root/shoot ratio (R/S), and K (RGR_roots/RGR_shoot), obtained from an initial seedling harvest (6-month-old seedlings) and a final harvest 6 months after treatment application. All three species had slow RGRs (0.002–0.012 g g⁻¹ day⁻¹). O. denegrii had the lowest RGR values, but was the only species for which R/S and K varied with soil moisture. While all seedlings responded markedly to soil moisture, no response was observed to radiation treatments. The latter might have been related to the relatively low solar radiation levels present in the greenhouse. Yet, our results suggest that the main benefit nurse plants offer to seedlings is the increase in soil moisture.  相似文献   

多智能体区域土地利用优化配置模型及其应用   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  

张鸿辉  曾永年  谭荣  刘慧敏 《地理学报》2011,66(7):972-984

土地利用优化配置对促进区域可持续土地利用具有重要意义,然而现有的土地利用优化配置模型引导可持续土地利用的能力有待提高。本文从整体考量区域土地利用优化配置数量、空间、时间三维特征的角度,定义了区域土地利用优化配置多智能体系统及其决策行为规则,构建了基于多智能体系统的区域土地利用优化配置RLUOA (Regional Land Use OptimizationAllocation) 模型,并以中部地区典型城市--长沙市为例开展了实证应用研究。研究结果表明：该模型能够将规划时间段内多目标约束的区域土地利用规模的数量结构合理配置到不同的空间单元,实现土地利用数量结构、空间布局、效益的协同优化,构建整体上经济可行、社会可接受、生态环境友好的土地利用格局,并明显提高区域整体土地利用经济、生态和社会效益,从而能够为促进区域土地资源可持续利用和制定土地利用总体规划提供参考借鉴。  相似文献   

Modelling urban expansion using a multi agentbased model in the city of Changsha     

ZHANG Honghui  ZENG Yongnian  BIAN Ling  YU Xijun 《地理学报》2010,20(4):540-556

Although traditional urban expansion simulation models can simulate dynamic features, these models fail to address complex changes produced by different agents' behaviors. The paper has built up a set of spatial-temporal land resource allocation rules and developed a dynamic urban expansion model based on a multi-agent system, which can simulate the interaction among different agents, such as residents, peasants, and governments. This model is applied to simulate urban expansion process taking Changsha City, in China as a study area. The results show that this model can not only reflect basic characteristics of urban expansion, but also help explain the reasons for urban expansion process and understand the effect of agents' behavior on the expansion process, and provide insights into the causing factors behind the expansion. In addition, in contrast to simulation results with land use classification map from remote sensing images, the precision of the simulation reached over 68% with higher precision than cellular automata model according to the cell-by-cell comparison. The results suggest that the model can help to provide land use decision making support to government and urban planners.  相似文献