考虑封闭作用和应力扩散的软土地基临塑荷载     

问延煦  周健  贾敏才 《岩土力学》2007,28(8):1715-1718

在深入分析硬壳层对下卧软土层的封闭作用和扩散作用的基础上,推导了能考虑这两种作用的软土地基临塑荷载计算公式。同时通过对封闭作用产生机理的分析,指出传统的弹性力学分析方法无法考虑封闭作用对软土地基临塑荷载的影响。  相似文献   

Numerical Modelling Of Turbulent Airflow Over Water Waves     

P. Y. Li  D. Xu  P. A. Taylor 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2000,95(3):397-425

A nonlinear numerical model is developed for turbulent boundary-layer flowover a train of water waves of finite amplitude or slope. The airflow isassumed to be steady, two-dimensional, and neutrally-stratified. The wavesurface is assumed to be aerodynamically rough and flow conditions at thewave surface are prescribed. The numerical model used in this study adoptsthree turbulence closure schemes with different degrees of physicalcompleteness. Two of these are second-order schemes, whichare believed to describe turbulent flow more completely than thesimpler closures used in most previous studies. Although models with all turbulence closures agree qualitatively in the prediction of the amplitude of the surface normal stress perturbation, the lower- and higher-order closures differ significantly in predictions of phase, and hence the form drag and energy transfer rate between wind and waves. Our model results are in reasonable agreement with field and laboratory measurements, although predicted energy transfer rates are generally at the low end of the range of experimental values. Cases with airflow at various angles to the wave direction are also considered.  相似文献   

Ar和H在矿物中的扩散补偿关系及其对扩散系数的预测   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

赵子福 《地学前缘》2000,7(2):367-380

对现有实验扩散数据的检查发现 ,Ar和H两种元素在不同矿物中分别存在着扩散补偿关系。孔隙度作为矿物内部离子堆积密度的一种量度 ,它与Ar和H的扩散活化能之间存在负的线性相关性 ,因而可以用于预测元素在矿物中的扩散系数。文中采用离子孔隙度法预测了Ar和H在不同矿物中的扩散系数 ,得到的结果与已有的实验数据在实验误差范围内是一致的。由于扩散补偿效应 ,同一物质在不同矿物中的扩散速率在特定温度下趋于汇聚 ,Ar扩散的转折温度为 (86 0± 10 0 )℃ ,H扩散的转折温度为 (330± 50 )℃。这为地质过程中Ar和H扩散的封闭温度提供了一种借鉴 ,因此伴随Ar扩散的地质时钟在低于 86 0℃时才开始启动 ,共存矿物间的氢同位素地质温度计仅当温度低于 330℃时才是有效的。  相似文献   

无定向导线的粗差检验     

张文杰  姚排 《吉林地质》2006,25(2):80-83

介绍了先求定向角γ和连接角δ,进而计算多边形内角和闭合差的粗差检验方法。通过大量实例证明这种方法是完全可靠的。  相似文献   

The divergent environmental characteristics of permanently-open,seasonally-open and normally-closed estuaries of south-western Australia     

Benjamin M. Chuwen  Steeg D. Hoeksema  Ian C. Potter 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2009

This study has compared the environmental characteristics of the basins and saline lower reaches of the tributaries of eight estuaries on the south coast of Western Australia, which differ in their degree of connectivity with the ocean. Although four estuaries between 115.1° and 121.8° E along that coast remain permanently open to the ocean, the others only become open when the volume of river discharge is sufficient to breach the prominent sand bars at their mouths, which occurs annually following heavy winter and early spring rainfall in some estuaries (seasonally open) and infrequently in others (normally closed). Estuaries to the west of 118.5° E are predominantly permanently open, e.g. Oyster Harbour, or seasonally open, e.g. Broke, Irwin and Wilson inlets, whereas those further east, e.g. Wellstead Estuary and Hamersley, Culham and Stokes inlets, where annual rainfall and thus discharge are much lower, only become open after exceptionally heavy discharge. In permanently and seasonally-open estuaries, pronounced haloclines and oxyclines are present in the narrow rivers but not the wide basins where the waters are subjected to wind-driven mixing. The extent of cyclical seasonal fluctuations in environmental conditions differed markedly among the three seasonally-open estuaries and between years in one of those systems. These differences reflected variations in the relationship between the volume of fluvial discharge, which is determined by a combination of the amount of local rainfall, catchment size and extent of clearing of native vegetation, and the amount of intrusion by marine waters, which is largely controlled by the size and duration of the opening of the estuary mouth. The mean seasonal salinities in the basins of the three normally-closed estuaries increased over three years of very low rainfall to 64 in the deepest of these estuaries (Stokes Inlet) to 145 in Hamersley Inlet and to 296 in the shallowest estuary (Culham Inlet). These results demonstrate that the environmental characteristics of estuaries on the south coast of Western Australia differ markedly, even among those of the same type, e.g. seasonally-open estuaries or normally-closed estuaries.  相似文献   

巴拿马海道关闭及其古海洋和古气候影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

郑新源  凌洪飞 《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2008,28(6)

位于中关洲的巴拿马海道曾是连通赤道东太平洋和大西洋的开放洋流通道。从中新世开始,巴拿马海道在构造运动的驱动下逐步关闭,切断了赤道太平洋和大西洋海水的直接交流。海道的关闭不仅改变了太平洋和大西洋海水的物理性质和洋流模式,还可能对新生代中晚期气候变化,特别是北半球大冰期的开始有重要作用。简要综述了二十余年来围绕巴拿马海道关闭及其古海洋、古气候意义方面的研艽成果和最新研究进展。很多相关的问题目前仍处于激烈的争论之中或尚未得到充分的认识,亟待开展进一步工作。开展相关研究将对促进我国古海洋和古气候研究具有积极意义,并有助于进一步加深我们对于海洋一气候系统的认识。  相似文献   

低幅度构造天然气成藏的闭合度下限探讨——以柴达木盆地三湖地区为例   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

郭泽清  李本亮  张林  李熙喆  孔骅 《地质科学》2008,43(1):34-49

在一定条件下,构造圈闭只有达到一定的闭合高度,气水才能有效地分离,当达到一定含气饱和度和储量规模后便形成天然气藏,因而,必然有一个成藏闭合度的下限值。该值受储层物性、盖层条件、储盖配置情况、圈闭形态和规模、水动力强度和方向等多种因素的影响,故因地而异。柴达木盆地东部三湖地区的研究表明:1)根据储层毛细管压力曲线计算天然气成藏的最小气柱高度可间接得到最小成藏幅度,不同的储层对应不同的闭合度下限,从1m至上百米不等;2)根据盖层的封闭能力计算盖层封闭的最大气柱高度可从几十米到上百米,每种类型的储层成藏的闭合度下限始终小于盖层所能封闭的最大气柱高度,因此盖层不是制约闭合度下限的因素;3)在特有的水动力条件下,如果不考虑其它因素,成藏的闭合度下限与圈闭短轴半径的关系可以涩北气田为例,与其圈闭面积相当的构造圈闭,闭合度必须大于25m才能构成气藏。据此认为储层条件和圈闭规模是该区天然气成藏下限的主要制约因素。确定低幅度构造圈闭天然气成藏的闭合度下限对今后寻找低幅度构造圈闭具有重要意义。  相似文献   

利用时序InSAR技术分析北京及河北廊坊地面沉降     

周旭  许才军  温扬茂 《测绘科学》2017,42(7)

利用带大气估计模型的时序InSAR方法对24幅覆盖北京及河北廊坊的Envisat-ASAR影像数据进行了时序分析,获取了该地区2007年4月—2010年9月的地面沉降速率及均方差。发现了以北京朝阳区和通州区交界处为中心和以河北廊坊城区为中心的两个沉降区域,中心区平均沉降速率分别为35mm/a与22mm/a。研究区域形变速率均方差1.5mm/a。研究结果表明:利用时序InSAR技术进行城市地表沉降监测具有较好的精度及稳定性;产生该沉降的可能原因为地下水的开采、城市基础建设的发展及工业用地量、人为活动的增加。  相似文献   

Estimating Co2 Source/Sink Distributions Within A Rice Canopy Using Higher-Order Closure Model     

G. G. Katul  R. Leuning  J. Kim  O. T. Denmead  A. Miyata  Y. Harazono 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2001,98(1):103-125

Source/sink strengths and vertical fluxdistributions of carbon dioxide within and above arice canopy were modelled using measured meanconcentration profiles collected during aninternational rice experiment in Okayama, Japan (IREX96). The model utilizes an Eulerian higher-orderclosure approach that permits coupling of scalar andmomentum transport within vegetation to infer sourcesand sinks from mean scalar concentration profiles; theso-called `inverse problem'. To compute the requiredvelocity statistics, a Eulerian second-order closuremodel was considered. The model well reproducedmeasured first and second moment velocity statisticsinside the canopy. Using these modelled velocitystatistics, scalar fluxes within and above the canopywere computed and compared with CO<sub>2</sub>eddy-correlation measurements above the canopy. Goodagreement was obtained between model calculations offluxes at the top of the canopy and measurements. Close to the ground, the model predicted higherrespiratory fluxes when the paddy was drained comparedto when it was flooded. This is consistent with thefloodwater providing a barrier to diffusion ofCO<sub>2</sub> from the soil to the atmosphere. TheEulerian sources and flux calculations were alsocompared to source and flux distributions estimatedindependently using a Lagrangian Localized Near Fieldtheory, the first study to make such a comparison.Some differences in source distributions werepredicted by these analyses. Despite this, thecalculated fluxes by the two approaches compared wellprovided a closure constant, accounting for theinfluence of `near-field' sources in the Eulerian fluxtransport term, was given a value of 1.5 instead ofthe value of 8 found in laboratory studies.  相似文献   

AN E – ε – ℓ TURBULENCE CLOSURE SCHEME FOR PLANETARY BOUNDARY-LAYER MODELS: THE NEUTRALLY STRATIFIED CASE     

DAPENG XU  PETER A. TAYLOR 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1997,84(2):247-266

The standard E – model generates aplanetary boundary layerthat appears to be much too deep. The cause of theproblem is traced to the equation for the dissipationrate () of turbulent kinetic energy (E), specifically theparameterization of dissipation production anddestruction. In the context of atmosphericboundary-layer modelling, we argue that a part of thedissipation production should be modelled as the inputto the spectral cascade from the energy-containingpart of the spectrum, with a characteristic length , while the equilibrium imbalancebetween local production and destruction ofdissipation is modelled as proportional toE2/E, as in the standard model. Wepropose an E – – turbulence closurescheme, in which both the mixing length, m, and are prescribed. The importance ofthe equation is diminished, though itstill determines the dissipation rate in the Eequation.  相似文献