浅谈教学中测量平差解算的几个小技巧     

赵亚红  周文国  牛芩涛 《测绘与空间地理信息》2015,(8):93-95

测量平差是测绘基础理论的重点也是难点。针对必要观测值的确定、极条件方程的列立,附有限制条件的平差等环节,给出了简便解法,以助于对平差理论的学习和理解。  相似文献   

CE-1立体相机影像与激光高度计数据不一致性分析     

赵双明  李德仁  牟伶俐 《测绘学报》2011,40(6):751-755

直接利用CE－1激光高度计测高数据制作月球表面模型,分辨率、精度都较低。利用激光测高数据改善三线阵CCD数据立体定位精度是一种有效方法。通过计算立体影像外定向参数、激光脚印（footprint）月固坐标,基于物方空间到像方空间的快速反投影算法,分析研究立体影像与激光高度计数据不一致性,目的是为后续CE－1探月三线阵影像数据与激光测高数据联合平差处理提供相对基准控制。通过不一致性分析试验,得到一些有益的结论,这些分析结果有望在下一步联合平差处理中获得应用。  相似文献   

基于蚁群优化算法的线状目标简化模型   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

郑春燕  郭庆胜  胡华科 《测绘学报》2011,40(5):635-638

基于蚁群优化算法的基本原理,分析线状目标简化过程中所需满足的约束条件,建立具体的算法设计模型,并引入长期禁忌表和局部搜索策略以提高算法的运算效率,给出解题的关键步骤。最后对该算法进行测试,简化结果表明将蚁群优化算法用于线状目标的简化,能较好地保持线状目标的几何形状特征,在顾及长度偏差和矢量偏差的同时有较高的压缩率。与道格拉斯算法简化结果对比表明,在相同的几何限差内蚁群优化算法所得目标函数值更佳。  相似文献   

Numerical analysis of soilbags under compression and cyclic shear     

Yousef Ansari  Richard Merifield  Haruyuki Yamamoto  Daichao Sheng 《Computers and Geotechnics》2011

This paper presents a finite element model for analysing the behaviour of granular material wrapped with polyethylene bags under vertical compression and cyclic shearing. The simple Mohr–Coulomb model is used to represent the soil behaviour. The polyethylene bag is represented by a linear-elastic–perfect-plastic model. The soil-bag interface is modelled with contact constraints. The main purpose of the numerical analysis is to validate the anticipated performance of soilbags under various loading conditions and hence the effectiveness of soilbags as a method of ground improvement.  相似文献   

Latitudinal and altitudinal patterns of the endemic cacti from the Atacama desert to Mediterranean Chile     

P.C. Guerrero  A.P. Durán 《Journal of Arid Environments》2011,75(11):991-997

In this study we describe the biogeographic patterns of the endemic cacti from the Atacama Desert to the Mediterranean area of Chile. Our goals were: (1) to identify areas of high endemism, (2) to test Rapoport’s rule, (3) to test the geometric constraints hypothesis, (4) to explore temperature and precipitation as explanatory variables of species richness. We used a list of 72 species of cacti, ranging from 18° to 36° S and from 0 to 4500 m.a.s.l. A Bayesian analysis of Endemicity (BAE) was used to evaluate hierarchical relationships of endemism between different latitudinal bands. Rapoport’s rule was evaluated by examining the relationships between latitudinal/altitudinal mid-point, latitudinal/altitudinal range extent and species richness. The geometric constraints hypothesis was tested by examining the existence of mid-domain effect. The BAE indicated two areas of endemism: (1) the northern area between 18° S and 26° S, and (2) the southern area between 27° S and 36° S. The shape of the latitudinal gradient is non-linear, supporting the geometric constraints hypothesis. Altitudinal patterns, however, support Rapoport’s rule; a peak of endemism was found at low altitudes. The explanatory variables were elevation, minimum temperature of the coldest month, mean temperature of wettest quarter and annual precipitation.  相似文献   

Incorporating uncertainty in hydrological predictions for gauged and ungauged basins in southern Africa     

E. Kapangaziwiri  D.A. Hughes  T. Wagener 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(5):1000-1019

Abstract

The increasing demand for water in southern Africa necessitates adequate quantification of current freshwater resources. Watershed models are the standard tool used to generate continuous estimates of streamflow and other hydrological variables. However, the accuracy of the results is often not quantified, and model assessment is hindered by a scarcity of historical observations. Quantifying the uncertainty in hydrological estimates would increase the value and credibility of predictions. A model-independent framework aimed at achieving consistency in incorporating and analysing uncertainty within water resources estimation tools in gauged and ungauged basins is presented. Uncertainty estimation in ungauged basins is achieved via two strategies: a local approach for a priori model parameter estimation from physical catchment characteristics, and a regional approach to regionalize signatures of catchment behaviour that can be used to constrain model outputs. We compare these two sources of information in the data-scarce region of South Africa. The results show that both approaches are capable of uncertainty reduction, but that their relative values vary.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis

Citation Kapangaziwiri, E., Hughes, D.A., and Wagener, T., 2012. Incorporating uncertainty in hydrological predictions for gauged and ungauged basins in southern Africa. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (5), 1000–1019.  相似文献   

地震波形反演的稀疏约束正则化方法   总被引：5，自引：5，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

王薇  韩波  唐锦萍 《地球物理学报》2013,56(1):289-297

本文考虑地震波形反演问题.为了克服传统的Tikhonov正则化方法过度光滑的弊端,引入了非线性稀疏约束正则化方法,并采用对偶方法求解稀疏约束泛函的极小点.基于二维声波方程波形反演问题进行了数值模拟,针对不同模型对稀疏约束正则化方法进行了测试.结果表明,稀疏约束正则化方法对不连续介质模型的介质边缘具有良好的识别能力.  相似文献   

盐下构造速度建模与逆时偏移成像研究及应用   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

刘文卿  王西文  刘洪  王宇超  王孝  曾华会  邵喜春 《地球物理学报》2013,56(2):612-625

盐丘速度建模及成像是盐下油气藏勘探有关技术瓶颈问题.盐下构造由于盐丘速度与围岩地层差异大,且厚度横向变化大,造成地震波场复杂及时间域构造畸变.针对H区复杂盐丘的地质特征,通过技术创新重新认识盐下油气藏.针对盐丘速度建模的难点,提出了"多信息约束层控实体建模技术",采用序贯高斯模拟及克里金趋势约束速度反演方法,较好解决了盐下速度异常问题,大大提高了速度建模的精度;针对盐下复杂构造成像, 基于有限差分方法研究了精确且高效的差分格式逆时波场外推算法.基于GPU/CPU协同平台,将波场延拓通过GPU实现.采用逆时偏移深度域成像技术,使高角度反射界面、甚至超过90°盐丘侧翼界面的反射波精确成像.通过盐丘理论模型试算验证算法及方法的正确性.上述方法解决了盐丘速度建模精度问题、盐丘侧翼的回转构造成像问题,实现了对盐丘边界及盐丘侧翼的准确归位.消除了速度异常造成的时间域构造畸变,使盐下地层在深度域能够准确成像.  相似文献   

The CartACom model: transforming cartographic features into communicating agents for cartographic generalisation     

Cécile Duchêne  Anne Ruas  Christophe Cambier 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(9):1533-1562

Our research is concerned with automated generalisation of topographic vector databases in order to produce maps. This article presents a new, agent-based generalisation model called CartACom (Cartographic generalisation with Communicating Agents), dedicated to the treatment of areas of low density but where rubber sheeting techniques are not sufficient because some eliminations or aggregations are needed. In CartACom, the objects of the initial database are modelled as agents, that is, autonomous entities, that choose and apply generalisation algorithms to themselves in order to increase the satisfaction of their constraints as much as possible. The CartACom model focuses on modelling and treating the relational constraints, defined as constraints that concern a relation between two objects. In order to detect and assess their relational constraints, the CartACom agents are able to perceive their spatial surroundings. Moreover, to make the good generalisation decisions to satisfy their relational constraints, they are able to communicate with their neighbours using predefined dialogue protocols. Finally, a hook to another agent-based generalisation model – AGENT – is provided, so that the CartACom agents can handle not only their relational constraints but also their internal constraints. The CartACom model has been applied to the generalisation of low-density, heterogeneous areas like rural areas, where the space is not hierarchically organised. Examples of results obtained on real data show that it is well adapted for this application.  相似文献   

观测结果对三成分多分量星系化学演化模型的约束     

宋汉峰  吴海滨  张波 《天文研究与技术》2003,(3):1-15

本文是在银河系化学演化的基础上,利用银河系的三成分(threezone)(即晕、厚盘和薄盘)多相(multi phase)(气体,分子云,大、小质量恒星以及剩余物质)的化学演化的理论模型,讨论了以下观测约束:1、质量面密度、恒星形成率,各分区质量比;2、场星的年龄-金属丰度关系;3、α元素化学演化;4、太阳附近G矮星金属丰度分布;5、三成分金属丰度特征量;6、超新星爆发率;7、内落速率。结果表明,三成分多分量模型能够较好地满足观测约束,比较真实地反映星系演化过程。可以用该模型计算元素的星系化学演化。  相似文献