Prediction of spatially distributed seismic demands in specific structures: Ground motion and structural response     

Brendon A. Bradley  Rajesh P. Dhakal  Gregory A. MacRae  Misko Cubrinovski 《地震工程与结构动力学》2010,39(5):501-520

The efficacy of various ground motion intensity measures (IMs) in the prediction of spatially distributed seismic demands (engineering demand parameters, (EDPs)) within a structure is investigated. This has direct implications to building‐specific seismic loss estimation, where the seismic demand on different components is dependent on the location of the component in the structure. Several common IMs are investigated in terms of their ability to predict the spatially distributed demands in a 10‐storey office building, which is measured in terms of maximum interstorey drift ratios and maximum floor accelerations. It is found that the ability of an IM to efficiently predict a specific EDP depends on the similarity between the frequency range of the ground motion that controls the IM and that of the EDP. An IMs predictability has a direct effect on the median response demands for ground motions scaled to a specified probability of exceedance from a ground motion hazard curve. All of the IMs investigated were found to be insufficient with respect to at least one of magnitude, source‐to‐site distance, or epsilon when predicting all peak interstorey drifts and peak floor accelerations in a 10‐storey reinforced concrete frame structure. Careful ground motion selection and/or seismic demand modification is therefore required to predict such a spatially distributed demands without significant bias. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Seasonal snowpack dynamics and runoff in a cool temperate forest: lysimeter experiment in Niigata,Japan     

Andrew C. Whitaker  Hironobu Sugiyama 《水文研究》2005,19(20):4179-4200

Seasonal snowpack dynamics are described through field measurements under contrasting canopy conditions for a mountainous catchment in the Japan Sea region. Microclimatic data, snow accumulation, albedo and lysimeter runoff are given through the complete winter season 2002–03 in (1) a mature cedar stand, (2) a larch stand, and (3) a regenerating cedar stand or opening. The accumulation and melt of seasonal snowpack strongly influences streamflow runoff during December to May, including winter baseflow, mid‐winter melt, rain on snow, and diurnal peaks driven by radiation melt in spring. Lysimeter runoff at all sites is characterized by constant ground melt of 0·8–1·0 mm day⁻¹. Rapid response to mid‐winter melt or rainfall shows that the snowpack remains in a ripe or near‐ripe condition throughout the snow‐cover season. Hourly and daily lysimeter discharge was greatest during rain on snow (e.g. 7 mm h⁻¹ and 53 mm day⁻¹ on 17 December) with the majority of runoff due to rainfall passing through the snowpack as opposed to snowmelt. For both rain‐on‐snow and radiation melt events lysimeter discharge was generally greatest at the open site, although there were exceptions such as during interception melt events. During radiation melt instantaneous discharge was up to 4·0 times greater in the opening compared with the mature cedar, and 48 h discharge was up to 2·5 times greater. Perhaps characteristic of maritime climates, forest interception melt is shown to be important in addition to sublimation in reducing snow accumulation beneath dense canopies. While sublimation represents a loss from the catchment water balance, interception melt percolates through the snowpack and contributes to soil moisture during the winter season. Strong differences in microclimate and snowpack albedo persisted between cedar, larch and open sites, and it is suggested further work is needed to account for this in hydrological simulation models. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Hydrogeologic controls on streamflow sensitivity to climate variation     

Anne Jefferson  Anne Nolin  Sarah Lewis  Christina Tague 《水文研究》2008,22(22):4371-4385

Climate models project warmer temperatures for the north‐west USA, which will result in reduced snowpacks and decreased summer streamflow. This paper examines how groundwater, snowmelt, and regional climate patterns control discharge at multiple time scales, using historical records from two watersheds with contrasting geological properties and drainage efficiencies. In the groundwater‐dominated watershed, aquifer storage and the associated slow summer recession are responsible for sustaining discharge even when the seasonal or annual water balance is negative, while in the runoff‐dominated watershed subsurface storage is exhausted every summer. There is a significant 1 year cross‐correlation between precipitation and discharge in the groundwater‐dominated watershed (r = 0·52), but climatic factors override geology in controlling the inter‐annual variability of streamflow. Warmer winters and earlier snowmelt over the past 60 years have shifted the hydrograph, resulting in summer recessions lasting 17 days longer, August discharges declining 15%, and autumn minimum discharges declining 11%. The slow recession of groundwater‐dominated streams makes them more sensitive than runoff‐dominated streams to changes in snowmelt amount and timing. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

起伏地形下黄河流域太阳直接辐射分布式模拟   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

曾燕  邱新法  刘昌明  JIANG Aijun 《地理学报(英文版)》2005,15(4):439-447

1 Introduction Directsolarradiation (DSR)isthe key com ponentofthe globalradiation reaching the Earth.For the influence of terrain factors,calculation of DSR quantity of rugged terrain is considerably com plex (Oliphantetal.,2003). The solarradiation quan…  相似文献   

地下水分布式多参数实时监测系统   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

付民  胡晓辉 《地球信息科学学报》2004,6(1):72-75

地下水分布式多参数监测系统是基于分布式总线技术,利用各种监测传感器和多路复用器,实现了对地下水多种参数的远程集中实时监测,解决了地下水多种参数监测问题。  相似文献   

分布式水文模型在黄河流域的应用   总被引：41，自引：2，他引：39  

杨大文  李翀  倪广恒  胡和平 《地理学报》2004,59(1):143-154

流域的水资源规划和管理都离不开水资源的定量化评估。而准确评估流域的水资源量,尤其是在大流域,必须明晰不同气候、地形、土地利用等自然条件下的水文循环过程。同时农业灌溉及水库调节等人工的直接取水和调控使水文过程变得更为复杂。仅依靠气象及水文观测数据,已很难拟合出单一的降雨-径流关系来模拟和预测流域水资源的时空分布。这时就需要一种新型水文模拟手段,它可以利用地理信息来描述流域的空间不均一性,并基于物理控制方程来描述水文过程,这就是分布式水文模型。作者介绍了这种模型及其在黄河流域的应用。  相似文献   

弥散性走滑条件下底辟构造特征研究:以莺歌海盆地为例     

赖冬  何宇  范彩伟  王兴建  刘树根  邓宾 《矿物岩石》2019,(2):70-80

实验以莺歌海底辟构造为典型实例设计3组砂箱物理模型,探讨弧形弥散性基底走滑与上覆同构造沉积对底辟构造样式及演化过程的影响。砂箱物理模拟表明:物质变形主要集中在弥散性剪切带内、且断裂特征与底辟带形成演化具有一定耦合性。底辟带断裂欠发育、以塑性应变为主,仅在底辟翼部和顶部分别形成小型逆冲断层和放射状裂隙;但底辟带外缘普遍发育高角度弥散性走滑断裂体系。沿弧形走滑剪切方向,底辟物质斜向生长由倾向外弧逐渐转变为倾向内弧,导致其平面上为非对称结构形态。同构造沉积地层与底辟相互作用控制了底辟生长结构及上覆地层的变形,底辟通过逐渐减小刺穿以响应上覆沉积载荷的增加。基于比例模型模拟结果与莺歌海盆地典型底辟带构造特征具有一定相似性,揭示出莺歌海盆地底辟构造及分布特征受红河断裂带弥散性走滑与同构造沉积过程共同控制。  相似文献   

提孜那甫河流域融雪径流模拟及不确定性分析     

张爽  曾献奎  吴吉春 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2019,49(5):1415-1424

为了开展寒旱山区典型流域融雪径流过程的研究,提高融雪径流模型（SRM）在山区融雪地区的水文过程模拟精度,本文选取新疆提孜那甫河流域作为典型研究区,在SRM径流计算基础上,加入合适的基流数据并进行不确定性分析。考虑4种常见的基流分割方法（数字滤波法、加里宁法、BFI法（滑动最小值法）和HYSEP（hydrograph separation program）法）,基于贝叶斯理论,采用马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛（MCMC）模拟进行参数不确定性分析,对使用不同基流数据SRM的融雪径流模拟表现进行综合评价。分析结果表明,基于加里宁基流分割方法的模型（SRM_K）能够最佳地模拟研究区融雪径流过程（纳什系数NSE在识别期和验证期分别为0.866和0.721,大于其他对比模型）。MCMC模拟能够较好地识别SRM参数,获得可靠的参数后验概率分布。当实测降水资料缺乏或其代表性较差时,TRMM（tropical rainfall measuring mission）卫星数据能够描述研究区的降水过程特征。  相似文献   

城市规划管理统一信息交换平台系统   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

黄金锋  黄海涛  李时锦 《地理信息世界》2004,2(1):39-44

统一信息交换平台建设是广州市城市规划局在十多年信息化工作的基础上提出的一个全面信息整合及共享的大型项目,也是广州市城市规划局这两年在信息化工作方面的重点项目其目的是整合市局、区分局及相关各事业单位现有的数据,通过各部门各单位之间相互联通的宽带城域网网络,建立起全局范围内统一的信息支撑平台,从而实现全局的信息共享．现主要对该项目的总体设计方案进行了简要的介绍。  相似文献   

海河流域分布式SWAT模型的构建   总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9  

王中根  朱新军  夏军  李建新 《地理科学进展》2008,27(4):1-6

本文基于SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)构建海河流域分布式水文模型。针对海河流域的特点,对 平原区河网和入海口进行合理概化,对土壤类型和土地利用方式进行重分类处理。应用1995~2002 年水文气象系 列资料和下垫面空间分布信息,对模型的参数进行优化和灵敏度分析,最后选取多个站点对模拟结果进行检验与 分析。研究成果为SWAT 模型在国内复杂大流域的应用提供了范例,也为海河流域变化环境下的水资源与水环境 综合管理提供重要的水文学基础支撑。  相似文献