用短周期地震仪记录识别极远震     

陈秋英 《福建地震》1998,(2)

本文用我台短周期DD-1地震仪所记录1993年5月25日南美6.6级极远震记录图进行震相的比较与识别。  相似文献   

大气低频振荡对2015年冬季华北强降温事件的影响          下载免费PDF全文

李丽平  付佳丽  梁阔  李一格  高辉 《大气科学学报》2022,45(5):778-790

利用1980—2016年中国日最低温度和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了大气低频振荡对华北2015年冬季区域强降温事件（Regional Extremely Cold Event,简称RECE）的影响。结果表明：1）两次过程均与最低温度10～20 d低频分量从峰到谷值的变化相应。2）第一（二）次过程巴尔喀什湖-贝加尔湖（简称巴-贝湖）高压位置偏西（偏东北）,西伯利亚高压偏南（偏北）,东亚大槽呈东北-西南（南-北）走向,阿留申低压偏深（偏西偏深）,无（有）北极涛动负异常,高低层冷空气源地均位于贝湖北部60°N附近（巴湖以北上空和华北局地）,降温较慢（快速）。地中海低频扰动能量的持续输送是造成两次降温过程持续时间差异的原因之一。3）-18 d （-12 d）500 hPa高度场中西欧低频负（正）异常,是华北强降温事件的延伸期预报参考信号。  相似文献   

Equity in the distribution of urban environmental amenities: the case of Washington,D.C.     

Nathan Frey 《Urban geography》2017,38(10):1534-1549

This study examines equity issues in access to urban environmental amenities using Washington, D.C. as a case study. The amenities that are the focus of this study, urban trees and urban parks, have a range of social and health benefits for city dwellers, and Washington, D.C. is a major city with a large, diverse population and long-standing geographic divisions by race and class. Using spatial regression techniques, the study examines disparities in access to these amenities by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status at citywide and sub-city scales. Mixed evidence is found for disparities in access across amenities and across scales. The results emphasize the need for studies of access to urban environmental amenities to pay closer attention to the differences between amenities and to issues of scale.  相似文献   

未来情景下中国高温的人口暴露度变化及影响因素研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

黄大鹏  张蕾  高歌 《地理学报》2016,71(7):1189-1200

基于RCP 8.5气候情景下21个高分辨率全球气候模式的日最高气温数据和A2r社会经济发展情景下的人口数据,以高温日数和人口数量的乘积构建高温的人口暴露度指标,采用多个气候模式集合平均的方法从网格单元尺度分析未来不同时段中国高温和强危害性高温的人口暴露度变化,并从全国和气象地理分区两种空间尺度研究人口暴露度变化的影响因素。研究表明：未来情景下,中国高温的人口暴露度明显增加,2021-2040年、2041-2060年、2061-2080年和2081-2100年相比基准时段1981-2010年分别增加了1.3、2.0、3.6和5.9倍,强危害性高温的人口暴露度增加更为显著,相比基准时段分别增加了2.0、8.3、24.2和82.7倍。高温的人口暴露度在华北、黄淮、华南、江南、江淮、西南和江汉地区增加较为明显,其中华北、黄淮、华南和江南最为显著;强危害性高温的人口暴露度在华北、黄淮、江南、江淮、西南和江汉等区域增加较为明显,其中华北、黄淮、江南和江淮最为显著;未来情景下人口暴露度的变化主要受气候因子的影响,其次受人口和气候因子的共同影响,单独人口因子的影响很小。全国尺度上,气候因子对未来不同时段人口暴露度变化的影响逐渐减弱,贡献率由70.0%左右逐渐减至60.0%左右。人口和气候因子的共同作用逐渐增强,贡献率由20.0%左右逐渐增至40.0%左右。  相似文献   

2017年5月7日广州极端强降水对流系统结构、触发和维持机制     

田付友  郑永光  张小玲  张涛  林隐静  张小雯  朱文剑 《气象》2018,44(4):469-484

2017年5月7日,广州市增城区新塘镇等地出现了小时雨量超过180 mm、3 h雨量超过330 mm的极端强降水事件(简称“5·7”极端强降水事件),导致了严重的经济损失。这次过程的高强度降水分为两个主要阶段：花都区降水和增城区降水,每个阶段的强降水均集中在2~3 h内,最大分钟级降水达到了5 mm的强度,增城区新塘镇184.4 mm的极端小时雨量中约120 mm的雨量是在05:30—06:00的半小时内产生的。地闪监测显示,对流发展的第一阶段伴有较少的负地闪,第二阶段仅伴有几个闪电。雷达和卫星资料显示,强降水对流系统具有空间尺度小,发展迅速的特征;但发展成熟阶段的反射率因子大值区和卫星低TBB区在空间上出现明显偏离。强倾斜上升气流可能是造成反射率因子大值区和卫星低TBB区空间偏离的原因。雷达资料垂直剖面显示,对流具有回波顶高较低、云底高度低、强回波质心低等低质心暖云降水的特征。地势分布和辐射降温是花都北部低温中心的主要成因,大尺度弱冷空气和冷中心伴随的地形的共同作用,使得偏南暖湿气流向北移动受阻后,在花都地形的强迫抬升下触发了对流。偏南暖湿气流的持续输送、花都地形的阻挡和冷池的作用是01—03时对流维持的主要原因,弱冷空气的南下对03—04时对流系统的快速南移起到了重要作用,而冷池驱动的对流发展模型可以解释增城地区05—06时对流的较长时间维持。弱的环境引导气流和偏南暖湿气流使得高效的低质心、高效率强降水对流系统较长时间影响同一局地区域,从而导致了花都和增城两地局地极端强降水的出现。  相似文献   

Projected changes in population exposure to extreme heat in China under a RCP8.5 scenario   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Dapeng Huang  Lei Zhang  Ge Gao  Shao Sun 《地理学报(英文版)》2018,28(10):1371-1384

Overall population exposure is measured by multiplying the annual average number of extremely hot days by the number of people exposed to the resultant heat. Extreme heat is also subdivided into high temperature (HT) and extremely high temperature (EHT) in cases where daily maximum temperature exceeds 35°C and 40°C, respectively. Chinese population exposure to HT and EHT over four periods in the future (i.e., 2021–2040, 2041–2060, 2060–2081 and 2081–2100) were projected at the grid cell level in this study using daily maximum temperature based on an ensemble mean of 21 global climate models under the RCP8.5 scenario and with a population projection based on the A2r socio-economic scenario. The relative importance of population and climate as drivers of population exposure was evaluated at different spatial scales including national and meteorological geographical divisions. Results show that, compared with population exposure seen during 1981–2010, the base period, exposure to HT in China is likely to increase by 1.3, 2.0, 3.6, and 5.9 times, respectively, over the four periods, while concomitant exposure to EHT is likely to increase by 2.0, 8.3, 24.2, and 82.7 times, respectively. Data show that population exposure to HT is likely to increase significantly in Jianghuai region, Southwest China and Jianghan region, in particular in North China, Huanghuai region, South China and Jiangnan region. Population exposure to EHT is also likely to increase significantly in Southwest China and Jianghan region, especially in North China, Huanghuai, Jiangnan, and Jianghuai regions. Results reveal that climate is the most important factor driving the level of population exposure in Huanghuai, Jianghuai, Jianghan, and Jiangnan regions, as well as in South and Southwest China, followed by the interactive effect between population and climate. Data show that the climatic factor is also most significant at the national level, followed by the interactive effect between population and climate. The rate of contribution of climate to national-level projected changes in exposure is likely to decrease gradually from ca. 70% to ca. 60%, while the rate of contribution of concurrent changes in both population and climate is likely to increase gradually from ca. 20% to ca. 40% over the four future periods in this analysis.  相似文献   

Tree species classification in subtropical forests using small-footprint full-waveform LiDAR data     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2016

The accurate classification of tree species is critical for the management of forest ecosystems, particularly subtropical forests, which are highly diverse and complex ecosystems. While airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology offers significant potential to estimate forest structural attributes, the capacity of this new tool to classify species is less well known. In this research, full-waveform metrics were extracted by a voxel-based composite waveform approach and examined with a Random Forests classifier to discriminate six subtropical tree species (i.e., Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.)), Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.), Slash pines (Pinus elliottii Engelm.), Sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima Carruth.) and Chinese holly (Ilex chinensis Sims.) at three levels of discrimination. As part of the analysis, the optimal voxel size for modelling the composite waveforms was investigated, the most important predictor metrics for species classification assessed and the effect of scan angle on species discrimination examined. Results demonstrate that all tree species were classified with relatively high accuracy (68.6% for six classes, 75.8% for four main species and 86.2% for conifers and broadleaved trees). Full-waveform metrics (based on height of median energy, waveform distance and number of waveform peaks) demonstrated high classification importance and were stable among various voxel sizes. The results also suggest that the voxel based approach can alleviate some of the issues associated with large scan angles. In summary, the results indicate that full-waveform LIDAR data have significant potential for tree species classification in the subtropical forests.  相似文献   

Evaluation of actual evapotranspiration measured by large-scale weighing lysimeters in a humid alpine meadow,northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau     

Licong Dai  Ruiyu Fu  Xiaowei Guo  Xun Ke  Yangong Du  Fawei Zhang  Yikang Li  Dawen Qian  Huakun Zhou  Guangmin Cao 《水文研究》2021,35(4):e14051

The accurate estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) is essential for assessing water availability and requirements of regional-scale terrestrial ecosystems, and for understanding the hydrological cycle in alpine ecosystems. In this study, two large-scale weighing lysimeters were employed to estimate the magnitude and dynamics of actual evapotranspiration in a humid alpine Kobresia meadow from January 2018 to December 2019 on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). The results showed that daily ET_a averaged 2.24 ± 0.10 mm day ⁻¹ throughout the study period, with values of 3.89 ± 0.14 and 0.81 ± 0.06 mm day⁻¹ during the growing season and non-growing season, respectively. The cumulative ET_a during the study period was 937.39 mm, exceeding precipitation (684.20 mm) received at the site during the same period by 37%, suggesting that almost all precipitation in the lysimeters was returned to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration. Furthermore, the cumulative ET_a (805.04 mm) was almost equal to the maximum potential evapotranspiration estimated by the FAO-56 reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) (801.94 mm) during the growing season, but the cumulative ET_a (132.25 mm) was 113.72% less than the minimum equilibrium ET_eq) (282.86 mm) during the non-growing season due to the limited surface moisture in frozen soil. The crop coefficient (K_c) also showed a distinct seasonal pattern, with a monthly average of 1.01 during the growing season. Structural equation model (SEM) and boosted regression tree (BRT) show that net radiation and air temperature were the most important factors affecting daily ET_a during the whole study period and growing season, but that non-growing season ET_a was dominated by soil water content and net radiation. The daily K_c was dominated by net radiation. Furthermore, both ET_a and K_c were also affected by aboveground biomass.  相似文献   

The Analysis on Comparison of Forming Condition with Abroad Palaeo-Epicontinental Marine Basin and Possibility of Potash Formation in North China     

ZHANG Yongsheng  XING Enyuan  PAN Wei  ZHAI Daxing  WU Feimeng 《《地质学报》英文版》2014,88(Z1):278-280

正1 Introduction Currently,all six different continents have discovered potash deposits and potash-bearing salt lake saline water.However,the distribution is extremely uneven,which is mostly concentrated in Canada,Russia,Middle-Asia and  相似文献   

一个巨型望远镜方案   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

苏定强  王亚男  崔向群 《天文学报》2004,45(1):105-114

提出一个有特色的巨型望远镜(FGT)方案．其主镜口径为30米，主焦比为1．2，由1095块圆环形子镜构成．采用地平式装置．光学系统包括Nasmyth系统、折轴(Coude)系统和一个大视场系统．提出一个由4个镜面组成的新的Nasmyth系统，在约10′的视场范围内像斑小于爱里斑，达到衍射极限．比传统的Nasmyth系统的衍射极限视场大得多．可在这样的大视场内同时作好几个小区域的衍射极限的观测．当由Nasmyth系统转换到折轴系统和大视场系统时，采用主动光学技术改变子镜的面形、倾斜和平移，产生一个新的主镜面形，使折轴系统和大视场系统都能得到很好的像质．大视场系统的视场直径25′，场曲轻微，并有可能校正大气色散．给出了子镜面形和位置的公差，并讨论了望远镜的装置和结构,方案中的特色和创新对未来大望远镜的研制有普遍意义．  相似文献