Interannual variability in glacier contribution to runoff from a high‐elevation Andean catchment: understanding the role of debris cover in glacier hydrology     

Flavia Burger  Alvaro Ayala  David Farias  Thomas E. Shaw  Shelley MacDonell  Ben Brock  James McPhee  Francesca Pellicciotti 《水文研究》2019,33(2):214-229

We present a field‐data rich modelling analysis to reconstruct the climatic forcing, glacier response, and runoff generation from a high‐elevation catchment in central Chile over the period 2000–2015 to provide insights into the differing contributions of debris‐covered and debris‐free glaciers under current and future changing climatic conditions. Model simulations with the physically based glacio‐hydrological model TOPKAPI‐ETH reveal a period of neutral or slightly positive mass balance between 2000 and 2010, followed by a transition to increasingly large annual mass losses, associated with a recent mega drought. Mass losses commence earlier, and are more severe, for a heavily debris‐covered glacier, most likely due to its strong dependence on snow avalanche accumulation, which has declined in recent years. Catchment runoff shows a marked decreasing trend over the study period, but with high interannual variability directly linked to winter snow accumulation, and high contribution from ice melt in dry periods and drought conditions. The study demonstrates the importance of incorporating local‐scale processes such as snow avalanche accumulation and spatially variable debris thickness, in understanding the responses of different glacier types to climate change. We highlight the increased dependency of runoff from high Andean catchments on the diminishing resource of glacier ice during dry years.  相似文献   

Understanding the hydrological system dynamics of a glaciated alpine catchment in the Himalayan region using the J2000 hydrological model          下载免费PDF全文

S. Nepal  P. Krause  W.‐A. Flügel  M. Fink  C. Fischer 《水文研究》2014,28(3):1329-1344

This paper provides the results of hydrological modelling in a mesoscale glaciated alpine catchment of the Himalayan region. In the context of global climate change, the hydrological regime of an alpine mountain is likely to be affected, which might produce serious implications for downstream water availability. The main objective of this study was to understand the hydrological system dynamics of a glaciated catchment, the Dudh Kosi River basin, in Nepal, using the J2000 hydrological model and thereby understand how the rise in air temperature will affect the hydrological processes. The model is able to reproduce the overall hydrological dynamics quite well with an efficiency result of Nash–Sutcliffe (0.85), logarithm Nash–Sutcliffe (0.93) and coefficient of determination (0.85) for the study period. The average contribution from glacier areas to total streamflow is estimated to be 17%, and snowmelt (other than from glacier areas) accounts for another 17%. This indicates the significance of the snow and glacier runoff in the Himalayan region. The hypothetical rise in temperature scenarios at a rate of +2 and +4 °C indicated that the snowmelt process might be largely affected. An increase in snowmelt volume is noted during the premonsoon period, whereas the contribution during the monsoon season is significantly decreased. This occurs mainly because the rise in temperature will shift the snowline up to areas of higher altitude and thereby reduce the snow storage capacity of the basin. This indicates that the region is particularly vulnerable to global climate change and the associated risk of decreasing water availability to downstream areas. Under the assumed warming scenarios, it is likely that in the future, the river might shift from a ‘melt‐dominated river’ to a ‘rain‐dominated river’. The J2000 model should be considered a promising tool to better understand the hydrological dynamics in alpine mountain catchments of the Himalayan region. This understanding will be quite useful for further analysis of ‘what‐if scenarios’ in the context of global climate and land‐use changes and ultimately for sustainable Integrated Water Resources Management in the Himalayan region. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

北京城市空间形态对热岛分布影响研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

刘勇洪  徐永明  张方敏  舒文军 《地理学报》2021,76(7):1662-1679

在城市尺度上探究城市空间形态布局对城市热岛（UHI）影响研究,对于城市规划中通风环境改善、生态宜居城市建设具有重要意义。以北京为例,利用2009—2018年高密度自动气象站逐小时气温资料和2018年NPP/VIIRS夜光卫星资料,分析了UHI时空分布特征;利用2017年1∶2000基础地理信息和Landsat8卫星资料,开展了北京主城区建筑高度（BH）、建筑密度（BD）、建筑高度标准差（BSD）、容积率（FAR）、迎风截面积指数（FAI）、粗糙度长度（RL）、天空开阔度（SVF）、城市分数维（FD）等8个空间形态参数和植被覆盖度（VC）、不透水盖度（IC）、反照率（AB）等3个陆表参数的提取,并在城市尺度上开展了这些参数与UHI之间空间相关性及对UHI变化影响研究。结果显示：2009—2018年北京主城区年均、四季以及夜晚02时UHI均存在一个较为固定的形态,年均、春、夏、秋、冬、白天14时和夜晚02时UHI分别为1.81 ℃、1.50 ℃、1.43 ℃、2.16 ℃、2.17 ℃、0.48 ℃和2.77 ℃;8个空间形态参数在一年中大部分时段与UHI存在明显空间相关性,这种相关性在冬季强于其他季节,在夜晚02时强于白天14时,排名前三的分别为SVF、FAR和BD。空间形态参数已超越陆表参数成为UHI变化的重要驱动因子,11种参数对UHI变化的单独贡献为13.7%~63.7%,其中夏季、冬季和全年时段贡献最大的空间形态参数分别是BD（43.7%）、SVF（63.7%）和SVF（45.4%）,贡献最大的陆表参数分别是VC（42.6%）、AB（57.1%）和VC（45.3%）;夏季、冬季和全年时段多个参数对UHI变化的综合贡献分别为51.4%、69.1%和55.3%,主导要素分别为BD、SVF和BD。  相似文献   

1990-2019年贡嘎山地区典型冰川表碛覆盖变化及其空间差异     

廖海军  刘巧  钟妍  鲁旭阳 《地理学报》2021,76(11):2647-2659

表碛覆盖型冰川是中国西部较为常见的冰川类型。表碛层存在于大气—冰川冰界面,强烈影响大气圈与冰冻圈之间的热交换。表碛厚度的空间异质性可极大地改变冰川的消融率和物质平衡过程,进而影响冰川径流过程和下游水资源。基于Landsat TM/TIRS数据,运用能量平衡方程反演了贡嘎山地区冰川表碛厚度,研究了贡嘎山地区冰川在1990—2019年间表碛覆盖范围及厚度变化情况,同时对比了东西坡差异。结果表明：① 贡嘎山地区冰川表碛扩张总面积达43.824 km²。其中,海螺沟冰川扩张2.606 km²、磨子沟冰川1.959 km²、燕子沟冰川1.243 km²、大贡巴冰川0.896 km²、小贡巴冰川0.509 km²、南门关沟冰川2.264 km²,年均扩张率分别为3.2%、11.1%、1.5%、0.9%、1.0%和6.5%;② 海螺沟冰川、磨子沟冰川、燕子沟冰川、大贡巴冰川、小贡巴冰川、南门关沟冰川表碛平均增厚分别为5.2 cm、3.1 cm、3.7 cm、6.8 cm、7.3 cm和13.1 cm;③ 西坡冰川表碛覆盖度高,表碛覆盖年均扩张率低,冰川末端退缩量小;东坡冰川表碛覆盖年均扩张率高,但表碛覆盖度总体低于西坡,冰川末端退缩量大。  相似文献   

无人机在冰川变化监测中的应用——以唐古拉山小冬克玛底冰川为例     

薛雨昂  井哲帆  康世昌 《地理科学进展》2021,40(9):1590-1599

近年来,无人机技术发展迅速。无人机的灵活、便携、超高分辨率等特性使其在冰川变化监测上具有很好的发展前景。论文以青藏高原腹地的唐古拉山小冬克玛底冰川为例,首次在海拔5400 m以上的地区开展了无人机航测,通过非冰川区的基岩对2019年7月20日、2019年9月27日和2020年7月16日3期航测产品进行相对校正,分析了小冬克玛底冰川在物质平衡年和消融期内的变化情况,并进一步讨论了无人机在冰川区观测时所遇到的问题及其优势,以期为后续研究提供参考。结果表明:利用无人机技术能够实现冰川在消融期内的末端、面积以及高程变化监测,并对冰川的细部特征进行分析,适合于小区域单条冰川的变化监测。  相似文献   

1990-2020年间念青唐古拉山中段北坡边坝地区冰川变化及气候响应     

张威  李亚鹏  柴乐  唐倩玉  葛润泽  麻浩男 《地理科学进展》2021,40(12):2073-2085

念青唐古拉山作为青藏高原东南缘重要山古冰川分布区,受季风影响,各区域冰川变化特征差异明显。论文通过Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI资料、ASRTMGDEM与气象数据,采用比值—阈值法、目视解译和VOLTA模型,结合实地考察,对1990—2020年间念青唐古拉山中段北坡边坝地区现代冰川进退状况、面积变化、冰储量变化以及冰川变化对气候变化响应特征进行研究。结果表明：① 1990—2020年5条冰川(玉贡拉冰川、玛拉波冰川、祥格拉冰川、孔嘎冰川、贡日—庚东冰川)末端高程逐渐升高,面积和冰储量分别减少30.38 km²和4.64 km³,总体缩减并呈现加速趋势。② 冰川冰储量减少0.14~1.92 km³,总体变化率为0.40%·a^-1。2020年上述5条冰川储量占1990年冰川储量的比例分别为0.70、0.99、0.98、0.91和0.82,显示出冰川规模越大,在短时间尺度的变化量越小。③ 气象数据分析显示,1990—2020年研究区冰川变化受气温升高主导,平均气温变化率为0.51 ℃。水热组合呈现温度升高—降水减少,且在最后10 a日益显著,预测未来冰川变化仍受气温控制并呈加速退缩趋势。④ 区域对比研究表明,念青唐古拉山冰川面积变化总体呈退缩状态,但各区域冰川变化特征差异明显。同时,不同研究方法对同一冰川区冰储量模拟结果相差较大,相对误差范围为34.45%~115.49%,精确的冰储量可对比研究方法仍有待进一步研究。  相似文献   

中亚天山山区冰雪变化及其对区域水资源的影响   总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6  

邓海军  陈亚宁 《地理学报》2018,73(7):1309-1323

冰川和积雪是构成山区固体水库的主体,对区域水资源稳定性具有调节功能,但深受气候变化的影响。以中亚天山为研究区域,基于长时间序列的观测数据,分别从冰川、积雪、水储量、径流等方面进行分析,并选取阿克苏河、开都河及乌鲁木齐河3个典型流域,研究天山山区冰雪变化对流域水资源的影响。结果表明：① 冰川退缩速率与面积的函数关系为f（x） = -0.53×x^-0.15 （R² = 0.42,RMSE = 0.086）,说明小型冰川对气候变化的响应更为敏感。同时,中低海拔区域的冰川退缩速率大于高海拔区域;② 2003-2015年天山山区水储量的递减速率为-0.7±1.53 cm/a,天山中部区域的递减速率最大,这一结果与该区域冰川急剧退缩相吻合;③ 近半个多世纪以来,冰雪融水径流增加是这3个典型流域径流量增加的主要原因,其中阿克苏河增幅最大（达0.4×10⁸ m³/a）。但自20世纪90年代中期以来,3个流域的径流量都呈减少趋势,与流域内冰川面积减少、厚度变薄及平衡线海拔升高的关系密切。研究结果揭示了气候变化驱动下的山区固态水体储量变化对流域水资源的影响机制,以期为流域水资源管理提供有价值的决策参考。  相似文献   

Radiation balance and the response of albedo to environmental factors above two alpine ecosystems in the eastern Tibetan Plateau     

ShaoYing Wang  Yu Zhang  ShiHua Lyu  LunYu Shang  YouQi Su  HanHui Zhu 《寒旱区科学》2017,9(2):142-150

Understanding the energy balance on the Tibetan Plateau is important for better prediction of global climate change. To characterize the energy balance on the Plateau, we examined the radiation balance and the response of albedo to environmental factors above an alpine meadow and an alpine wetland surfaces in the eastern Tibetan Plateau, using 2014 data. Although our two sites belong to the same climatic background, and are close geographically, the annual incident solar radiation at the alpine meadow site(6,447 MJ/(m2·a)) was about 1.1 times that at the alpine wetland site(6,012 MJ/(m2·a)),due to differences in the cloudiness between our two sites. The alpine meadow and the alpine wetland emitted about 38%and 42%, respectively, of annual incident solar radiation back into atmosphere in the form of net longwave radiation; and they reflected about 22% and 18%, respectively, of the annual incident solar radiation back into atmosphere in the form of shortwave radiation. The annual net radiation was 2,648 and 2,544 MJ/(m2·a) for the alpine meadow site and the alpine wetland site, respectively, accounting for only about 40% of the annual incident solar radiation, significantly lower than the global mean. At 30-min scales, surface albedo exponentially decreases with the increase of the solar elevation angle; and it linearly decreases with the increase of soil-water content for our two sites. But those relationships are significantly influenced by cloudiness and are site-specific.  相似文献   

Improvement of a Snow Albedo Parameterization in the Snow–Atmosphere–Soil Transfer Model:Evaluation of Impacts of Aerosol on Seasonal Snow Cover     

Efang ZHONG  Qian LI  Shufen SUN  Wen CHEN  Shangfeng CHEN  Debashis NATH 《大气科学进展》2017,34(11):1333-1345

The presence of light-absorbing aerosols(LAA) in snow profoundly influence the surface energy balance and water budget.However,most snow-process schemes in land-surface and climate models currently do not take this into consideration.To better represent the snow process and to evaluate the impacts of LAA on snow,this study presents an improved snow albedo parameterization in the Snow–Atmosphere–Soil Transfer(SAST) model,which includes the impacts of LAA on snow.Specifically,the Snow,Ice and Aerosol Radiation(SNICAR) model is incorporated into the SAST model with an LAA mass stratigraphy scheme.The new coupled model is validated against in-situ measurements at the Swamp Angel Study Plot(SASP),Colorado,USA.Results show that the snow albedo and snow depth are better reproduced than those in the original SAST,particularly during the period of snow ablation.Furthermore,the impacts of LAA on snow are estimated in the coupled model through case comparisons of the snowpack,with or without LAA.The LAA particles directly absorb extra solar radiation,which accelerates the growth rate of the snow grain size.Meanwhile,these larger snow particles favor more radiative absorption.The average total radiative forcing of the LAA at the SASP is 47.5Wm~(-2).This extra radiative absorption enhances the snowmelt rate.As a result,the peak runoff time and "snow all gone" day have shifted 18 and 19.5 days earlier,respectively,which could further impose substantial impacts on the hydrologic cycle and atmospheric processes.  相似文献   

1978-2015年喀喇昆仑山克勒青河流域冰川变化的遥感监测   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

许艾文  杨太保  王聪强  冀琴 《地理科学进展》2016,35(7):878-888

本文采用1978、1991、2001和2015年的Landsat MSS、TM、ETM+和OLI遥感影像,通过遥感图像计算机辅助分类和目视解译等方法提取冰川边界,分析喀喇昆仑山克勒青河流域冰川在1978-2015年间的进退变化。结果表明：1978-2015年间研究区冰川面积由1821.70 km2减少至1675.92 km2,减少145.78 km2,占1978年冰川总面积的8.00%;冰川消融率较低,在气候变暖的背景下反而呈现出退缩速率由快变慢的趋势。研究区东南向冰川退缩率明显高于西北向,冰川退缩率随冰川规模的增大而减小。研究区内有27处冰川在1978-2015年间发生过特殊的前进现象,面积与长度显著增加。其中,木斯塔冰川西侧冰川末端在1996-1998年间前进速度为904 m/a,乔戈里冰川东侧冰川末端在2007-2009年间前进速度为446 m/a,5Y654D0097冰川末端在1978-1990年间前进速度为238 m/a,初步判定这三条冰川为跃动冰川。以10 a为滞后期分析研究区周边气象站点资料发现：研究区气温持续升高,降水量以1981年为分界点呈现“先减后增”趋势是冰川退缩速率减慢的原因之一;此外,亚大陆型冰川性质、巨大山势条件和高山冷储作用,也可能是冰川退缩幅度较小的原因。  相似文献