REVIEW ARTICLE MULTIVARIATE EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS AND GRAPHICS:A TUTORIAL     

C.WEIHS Mathematical Applications  Information Services  R-.Z.  CIBA-GEIGY Ltd.  CH- Basel  Switzerland 《地理学报(英文版)》1993,(5)

Exploratory data analysis(EDA)is a toolbox of data manipulation methods for looking at data to seewhat they seem to say,i.e.one tries to let the data speak for themselves.In this way there is hope thatthe data will lead to indications about'models'of relationships not expected a priori.In this respect EDAis a pre-step to confirmatory data analysis which delivers measures of how adequate a model is.In thistutorial the focus is on multivariate exploratory data analysis for quantitative data using linear methodsfor dimension reduction and prediction.Purely graphical multivariate tools such as 3D rotation andscatterplot matrices are discussed after having introduced the univariate and bivariate tools on which theyare based.The main tasks of multivariate exploratory data analysis are identified as'search for structure'by dimension reduction and'model selection'by comparing predictive power.Resampling is used tosupport validity,and variables selection to improve interpretability.  相似文献   

The information content of high-frequency seismograms and the near-surface geologic structure of “hard rock” recording sites     

Edward Cranswick 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1988,128(1-2):333-363

Due to hardware developments in the last decade, the high-frequency end of the frequency band of seismic waves analyzed for source mechanisms has been extended into the audio-frequency range (>20 Hz). In principle, the short wavelengths corresponding to these frequencies can provide information about the details of seismic sources, but in fact, much of the signal is the site response of the nearsurface. Several examples of waveform data recorded at hard rock sites, which are generally assumed to have a flat transfer function, are presented to demonstrate the severe signal distortions, includingf _max, produced by near-surface structures. Analysis of the geology of a number of sites indicates that the overall attenuation of high-frequency (>1 Hz) seismic waves is controlled by the whole-path-Q between source and receiver but the presence of distinctf _max site resonance peaks is controlled by the nature of the surface layer and the underlying near-surface structure. Models of vertical decoupling of the surface and nearsurface and horizontal decoupling of adjacent sites on hard rock outcrops are proposed and their behaviour is compared to the observations of hard rock site response. The upper bound to the frequency band of the seismic waves that contain significant source information which can be deconvolved from a site response or an array response is discussed in terms off _max and the correlation of waveform distortion with the outcrop-scale geologic structure of hard rock sites. It is concluded that although the velocity structures of hard rock sites, unlike those of alluvium sites, allow some audio-frequency seismic energy to propagate to the surface, the resulting signals are a highly distorted, limited subset of the source spectra.  相似文献   

江西岩背火山-侵入杂岩的微量元素协变关系及其岩浆房成分分带形成机制的探讨   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘昌实  沈渭洲  熊小林  王德滋 《岩石学报》1994,10(2)

以根据岩背斑岩锡矿区火山－侵入杂岩的微量元素Ｓｒ、Ｒｂ、Ｅｒ、Ｈｆ、Ｎｂ等协交关系，探讨了岩浆房成分分带的形成机理。认为初始岩浆的形成主要是经过两次聚集熔融作用（第一次熔出酸性岩浆，第二次熔出中酸性岩浆）。酸性岩浆未喷出地表的部分在中深部位经过平衡结晶作用（非理想），使Ｆ、Ｈ２Ｏ和成矿元素明显集中于晚期岩浆中。  相似文献   

河北丰宁沙漠化土地综合整治试验示范区规划设计研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

宝音  张强 《中国沙漠》1994,14(4):8-14

分析了我国北方农牧交错带沙漠化强烈发展类型丰宁试验示范区的沙漠化土地综合整治制约因子、沙漠化土地的整治途径，并论述了试区沙漠化土地整治规划设计原则，总体布局和各类沙漠化土地整治的技术问题。  相似文献   

小波阈值去噪黄金分割法   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

谢搴  詹毅  牛聪 《物探与化探》2006,30(3):254-257

在小波去噪的方法中,应用最广泛的是Donoho阈值法,但由于其阈值的单一性,使它不能在每级尺度上将信号与噪声做最大分离,去噪效果并不理想。通过分析Donoho硬阈值和软阈值方法的特点,提出了一种黄金分割法,这种方法结合了硬阈值和软阈值方法各自的优点。仿真去噪结果表明,这种改进的小波阈值方法能够得到更好的去噪效果,信号的信噪比得到了进一步提高。  相似文献   

Chaotic behaviour of acoustic emission induced in hard coal by gas sorption-desorption     

Zofia Majewska  Zofia Mortimer 《Acta Geophysica》2006,54(1):50-59

This paper presents study of non-linear dynamics of acoustic emission (AE) generated in coal samples subjected to gas sorption-desorption. Carbon-dioxide and methane were used as sorbats. Experimental facilities used in high pressure sorption of CO₂ and/or CH₄ on coal comprised a pressure vessel and associated pressurisation and monitoring systems. Tests were conducted on medium-rank coal obtained from the Upper Silesia Basin. Several approaches to the treatment of experimental results are proposed in order to detect and characterize deterministic chaos: (1) analysis of fractal/multifractal character of AE energy rate, using fractal generalised dimensions D _q (q); (2) analysis of temporal changes of AE energy rate and its fractal correlation dimension D ₂; and (3) evaluation of attractor dimension within the reconstructed phase space from experimental time series. It was shown that AE generated during CO₂ sorption on medium-rank coal is a more heterogeneous and lower dimensional process in comparison with AE induced by CO₂ desorption. Yet, the AE associated with desorption of CO₂ exhibits higher heterogeneity than the AE generated during desorption of CH₄. There are certain similarities between changes of D₂ during desorption of CO₂ as well desorption of CH₄. However, dynamics of these changes and character of time distributions of D₂ differ, depending on a sorbate. We do not know the precise reason for observed differences, but we presume that the carbon-dioxide molecules dissimilarity to methane molecules can account for them.  相似文献   

不同地层钻进用金刚石钻头分析研究          下载免费PDF全文

汤凤林  沈中华  段隆臣  彭莉  Чихоткин В.Ф. 《探矿工程》2018,45(4):87-92

在钻探工程中,特别是深孔钻进中,常常遇到各种复杂情况,例如,遇到坚硬裂隙性地层钻进问题,空气泡沫洗井时钻头冷却问题,钻孔和岩心保径问题,等等。这些复杂情况的解决几乎均与钻头的技术特性和工作能力有关。应从钻头方面进行研究、采取对策,以便提高钻探工程的技术经济指标。俄罗斯专家在解决上述有关问题时在可以使用的钻头方面进行了很多的研究,取得了一定的成果,包括坚硬裂隙性岩石钻进用金刚石钻头、压缩空气（泡沫）洗井用金刚石钻头、保径金刚石钻头等。本文介绍了这几种获专利技术的金刚石钻头的结构、工作原理及优点,可供我国研究和借鉴。  相似文献   

Buckling mechanism of pillar rockbursts in underground hard rock mining     

J. Deng  D. S. Gu 《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2018,13(3):168-183

The objective of this paper is to investigate the buckling mechanism of pillar rockbursts in underground hard rock mines from an innovative point of view. By considering rockbursts as a buckling (instability) problem of structures, rockbursts are classified into three categories: induced rockburst, triggered rockburst and inherent rockburst, in accordance with the magnitude of the dynamic stimulation force from large to null. Rigorous mathematical models are set up for these three rockbursts. For induced and triggered rockbursts, mechanism of parametric resonance is found and perturbation effect is observed. For inherent rockbursts, the condition of critical static loads is obtained. Various examples of rockbursts in Dongguashan Copper Mine are analysed. The limitations of the approach are addressed. Contrary to conventional methods where only rock materials or rock specimens were used for investigation of rockbursts, this study attaches more attention on the structural effect on rockbursts, which may appeal to practising engineers.  相似文献   

基于匹配追踪的RGB融合技术及在河道刻画中的应用     

陈珊  于兴河  刘力辉  孙莹频  陆蓉 《地球学报》2015,36(1):111-114

准确、高效地获取地震资料的频率信息是时频技术的关键。目前最热门的匹配追踪算法相比常用的小波变换和广义S变换来说,具有更高的时频分辨率和局部自适应性,能同时在时间域和频率域获得较准确的定位,提取较准确的频率域信息,为地震属性研究、油气检测等研究工作服务。RGB色彩融合技术是一种显示技术,它可以将多个频率体分为低、中、高三个频带进行融合显示,全面地反映各频带信息,弥补单一属性包含信息较少的缺点。将采用匹配追踪的RGB色彩融合技术应用于实际地震资料,清楚地刻画了河道的边界,并对河道内部的非均质性有一定程度的反映,较常规属性具有更深刻的意义。  相似文献   

Seislet transform denoising based on total variation minimization     

ZHANG Peng  LIU Yang  LIU Cai  CUI Fangzi  YANG Xueting  PEI Sijia 《世界地质(英文版)》2015,18(1)

Attenuation of noise is a persistent problem in seismic exploration. The authors use conventional denoising method to remove noise which may cause vibration near the discontinuity called pseudo-Gibbs artifact.In order to remove the artifact,the study proposed a method combining the seislet transform and total variation minimization. Firstly,the data are converted into the seislet transform domain. Secondly,the hard threshold was used for eliminating the noise and keep useful signal,which is the initial input for the next step. Finally,total variation minimization dealed with denoised data to recover boundary information and further eliminated the noise. Synthetic data examples show that the method has feasibility in eliminating random noise and protecting detailed signal,and also shows better results than the classic f-x deconvolution. The field data example also shows effective in practice. It can remove the noise and preserve the discontinuity signal at the same time.  相似文献