Impact of forest fires on regional air quality in Southeast Asia     

Rajasekhar Balasubramanian Siao Wee See 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):221-222

Biomass burning, the burning of living and dead vegetation for land-clearing and land-use change, has been in practice in many tropical countries such as Brazil, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Mexico. Intense forest fires can also ignite subsurface organic soil components （e.g. peat）, which can continue to smolder long after the original surface fires are put out. Combustion of vegetation and peat has only recently been recognized as a major source of atmospheric pollution. The immediate effect of burning is the production and release of gases and particles into the atmosphere, in quantities that in some cases can be significant not only locally and regionally but also on a global scale. Vegetation fire emissions account for roughly half of the atmospheric constituents of hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and precursors of tropospheric ozone and may be the second largest source of anthropogenic aerosols after the production of sulfates from SO2. As a result, there has been considerable interest in studying the contribution of forest fires to the production of air pollutants. In recent years, Southeast Asian countries have been affected repeatedly by episodes of smoke haze from forest fires in Indonesia. During 1997-1998, the region was again shrouded in a haze worsened by prolonged drought linked to the E1 Nino weather phenomenon. Satellite pictures confirmed that air pollutants, originating from fires covering an estimated 800000 hectares of southern Kalimantan, Sumatra, and Java, have been transported by southwesterly monsoon winds across neighbouring Malaysia and Singapore to as far as Thailand and the Philippines. The impact of these extensive fires on the health of the residents and ecology in the affected areas was substantial, costly, and possibly long lasting. Most of the research on the environmental aspects of biomass burning has been directed towards the tropics in Africa and America, specifically to the tropical rain forests of Brazil and to the savannas of Africa and South America.  相似文献   

再论都市霾与雾的区别   总被引：71，自引：4，他引：71  

吴兑 《气象》2006,32(4):9-15

都市霾的出现有重要的空气质量指示意义，而雾或轻雾与特定的天气系统相联系。由于经济规模的迅速扩大和城市化进程的加快，都市霾现象或灰霾天气日趋严重，霾与雾的区分成为一个非常现实，又迫切需要解决的问题。东南沿海各省用相对湿度区分的标准普遍偏低，将大量霾记成了轻雾或雾。实际上近地层大气中每时每刻总是有霾存在的，而雾滴的存在是少见或罕见的；霾滴要想通过吸湿增长成为雾滴，必须有足够的过饱和度，能够越过过饱和驼峰才行，这在自然界并不容易。在非饱和条件下，不但非水溶性的霾不能转化成雾滴，即便是水溶性的霾粒子一般也不可能吸湿转化为雾滴。实测资料表明，出现雾时，极端最小相对湿度是91％，在相对湿度低于90％的情况下，没有观测到雾。降温是达到饱和形成雾滴的最主要、最重要的物理过程，在自然界中的霾滴通过吸湿过程增长成雾滴几乎不可能。历史上我国各级气象部门从来不存在以相对湿度70％界定轻雾与霾的补充规定。区分霾和雾，应该根据影响天气系统的变化，结合宏观特征的各种判据来确定。建议将相对湿度的阈值定为90％，作为区分轻雾与霾的辅助判据是合理的。  相似文献   

Concentrations of atmospheric constituents observed at Alert,Canada, in relation to air trajectories and synoptic systems     

Y. S. Chung 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1989,9(1-3):317-330

A meteorological analysis is presented for environmental data set obtained from the Canadian Arctic haze study, which is part of AGASP-II. Results of the study indicated that atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), sulphate (SO₄ ⁼), ozone (O₃) and other air pollutants observed at Alert, N.W.T. underwent periodical fluctuations. It was found that high concentrations of these atmospheric constituents were associated with a deep (1430–2074 m) inversion and with a major anticyclone. In contrast, relatively low values of these constituents were associated with a cyclonic disturbance near Alert. High concentrations of these constituents occurred with air trajectories coming from the N-W direction, while low values occurred with S trajectories. In addition, examinations of satellite imagery with other meteorological data suggested that volcanic inputs of ash and gases from Augustine Island, Alaska were negligible for the observed high values of these constituents at the ground level at Alert.  相似文献   

Analytical electron microscope studies of size-segregated particles collected during AGASP-II,flights 201–203     

Patrick J. Sheridan 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1989,9(1-3):267-282

Cascade impactor samples were collected over the Alaskan Arctic during the first three research flights of AGASP-II. These samples were analyzed using analytical electron microscopy to determine the morphology, mineralogy and elemental composition of individual particles. For analytical considerations, a typical impactor sample was run for approximately 20 min, thus giving excellent time resolution of discrete events.Samples collected during flights 201 and 202 consisted of stratospheric aerosol and lower-altitude haze samples. Stratospheric samples were characterized by moderate loadings of H₂SO₄ droplets with relatively few particles of other types. Samples collected in tropospheric haze layers generally exhibited light-to-moderate particle loadings. H₂SO₄ was again the most prevalent species, with crustal and anthropogenic particles also observed. One sample taken over south-central Alaska near the end of flight 203 showed high concentrations of solid crustal particles, with relatively little associated H₂SO₄. Giant particles larger than 5 m were occasionally observed in this aerosol. The composition of this material closely matches that of bulk ash from the Mt. Augustine volcano, which erupted 9–13 days before collection of this sample. This brings forth the possibility that pockets of ash-rich aerosol existed over parts of south and central Alska during the AGASP-II field mission. There is no evidence that these volcanic aerosols were present in the AGASP study area north of the Brooks Range.  相似文献   

都市霾与雾的区分及粤港澳的灰霾天气观测预报预警标准   总被引：17，自引：16，他引：17  

吴兑  邓雪娇  毕雪岩  李菲  谭浩波 《广东气象》2007,29(2):5-10,28

都市霾与雾的区分是迫切需要解决的问题。霾的出现有重要的空气质量指示意义,而雾的记录,有明确的天气指示意义。通常在平面时已达到饱和的水汽压,对相当于球面的云雾滴来讲就是未饱和的,云雾滴就会蒸发;在水汽条件不变时,云雾滴由于蒸发而变小,导致它的平衡水汽压升高,就更易蒸发掉。在不饱和大气中小于数μm的云雾滴必然蒸发,而且伴随着蒸发云雾滴尺度会进一步变小,导致曲率越来越大,蒸发速率越来越快。过去错误认为凝结核可以在低相对湿度(RH)情况下产生凝结生成雾滴的观点,是忽视了粒子曲率作用的结果,将实验室大颗粒(常常达mm量级)的吸湿性特征,延用至次μm粒子造成的。降温是达到饱和形成雾滴的重要物理过程,云雾是低温下饱和气块的可见标志。在云雾中必然存在凝结或凝华过程,因而必然伴随着潜热释放,这就使云雾内的温度高于环境,在云雾内必然盛行微弱的上升气流,不可能是下沉气流,这些宏观过程在霾层内是不存在的,因而成为识别雾与霾的重要的宏观动力条件。在对历史资料进行统计时,在排除降水、吹雪、雪暴、沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘、烟幕等视程障碍现象的情况下,通过调试RH,使雾与轻雾反映自然的年际与年代际气候波动,而霾反映由于人类活动而引起的趋势性变化,其限值大体在90%左右,与美国和英国在讨论霾影响能见度(vis)的长期变化趋势中使用的限值RH<90%相同。20世纪80年代以来大幅增加的霾日,绝大部分是由于人类活动影响的气溶胶细粒子污染造成的。依据上述结果和以前的研究,给出了霾与雾区分的概念模型、霾与雾观测的标准和灰霾天气预警信号发布的标准,并介绍了相关的业务产品。  相似文献   

近50a来桂林市灰霾天气的气候特征及热岛效应影响     

唐伍斌 《气象研究与应用》2007,28(4):20-21

根据桂林基准站1957~2006年的观测资料,对桂林市灰霾天气的年、季变化规律及与热岛效应的关系进行了分析。结果表明,桂林市年灰霾日数平均值为30d,80年代前年灰霾日数变化相对平稳,年平均值为8.6d,处于较低水平,80年代后灰霾日数年平均值为49d,比80年代前增加了40.4d,年平均灰霾日数呈明显的线性增长趋势;灰霾日数的月季变化表现为秋冬季多,春夏季少的分布特征,秋冬两个季节的灰霾日数占全年的76%;90年代后桂林出现热岛效应,第四季度尤为明显,与灰霾天气也大多出现在这个季节的分析结果一致。  相似文献   

KNN数据挖掘算法在北京地区霾等级预报中的应用   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  

熊亚军  廖晓农  李梓铭  张小玲  孙兆彬  赵秀娟  赵普生  马小会  蒲维维 《气象》2015,41(1):98-104

利用北京地区2013年气象数据以及PM2.5浓度数据与能见度数据进行对比分析,结果发现气温、气压、相对湿度、露点温度、地面U风、地面V风以及PM2.5小时浓度这7个要素是影响北京地区霾等级的关键因素。利用气温、地面气压、相对湿度、露点温度、U风、V风分量以及PM2.5浓度作为7个属性特征,以霾等级做为标志量构建训练样本集,结合KNN（K Nearest Neighbor）数据挖掘算法构建霾等级预报分类器,并开展霾等级客观识别实验。结果表明K=3时该分类器的分类预报效果最佳,其13个站点的分类准确率高达88.2%。基于该算法构建的KNN模型预报无霾时的漏报概率很小,准确率高达91.8%;预报有轻度霾、中度霾以及重度霾时,空报的概率仅分别为4.7%、1.4%和2.6%。2014年8月29日至9月2日北京地区一次霾天气过程的预报结果表明：南郊观象台、密云和延庆3站的预报准确率分别达到74%、64%和84%,但霾等级的精度方面还有待于进一步提高。  相似文献   

2013年1月京津唐地区霾事件气溶胶单颗粒形貌及硫酸盐化特征     

王文华  邵龙义  李泽熙  郭茜  侯聪  幸娇萍  赵承美 《岩石矿物学杂志》2015,34(6):914-924

2013年1月华北地区经历了重霾过程,为研究其污染特征,使用透射电子显微镜(TEM)及能谱(EDX)对北京、唐山和天津晴天和霾天气下气溶胶单颗粒基本形貌和硫酸盐化特征进行了分析。结果表明,华北地区气溶胶单颗粒包括矿物颗粒、硫酸盐颗粒、金属氧化物、烟尘集合体、有机颗粒和飞灰,仅在天津市样品中发现少量的Na Cl颗粒。对单颗粒的元素组成进行统计表明,华北地区晴天以富Si颗粒为主(31.0%),其次为富Ca颗粒(18.3%)、富Fe颗粒(14.1%)、富Cl颗粒(12.2%)等,霾天以富S颗粒为主(47.4%),其次为富Si颗粒(21.1%)和富Fe颗粒(13.4%)等。霾天气富Ca颗粒明显减少,同时在含S较高的颗粒中也含有Ca、K等元素,说明大气中含Ca、K等碱性矿物对雾水酸性有一定的缓冲作用。不同天气含S颗粒差异较大,霾天气明显高于晴天,S/Ca平均值在霾天明显较高,且大于0.8,说明在一定的SO2浓度下,大气湿度越大,硫酸盐化现象越明显,生成大量的硫酸铵盐。  相似文献   

基于局部维纳滤波的交通图像去雾霾算法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

肖杰  李同亮  翟东海 《成都信息工程学院学报》2014,(6):567-573

为了提高雾霾天退化交通图像的色彩保真度和清晰度,基于局部维纳滤波并结合暗通道先验理论提出一种快速去雾霾算法。传统的基于暗通道先验理论的去雾霾算法对单一户外场景图像取得了不错的效果,但在处理较高分辨率交通图像时,需要消耗大量的计算和存储资源;同时,不能很好处理图像中的一些白色区域,会导致该区域色彩失真。针对这两个问题展开研究:首先,基于局部维纳滤波并结合暗通道先验原则优化大气散射光,进而得到细化的透射率;其次,通过动态调节参数的大小以适应天空等明亮区域地去雾霾处理;最后,将所提算法用于实例验证,结果表明算法不但可以保证交通图像白色区域的色彩不失真,而且去雾霾效率提高4~25倍。  相似文献   

Using hourly measurements to explore the role of secondary inorganic aerosol in PM2.5 during haze and fog in Hangzhou,China     

Roeland Cornelis Jansen  Yang Shi  Jianmin Chen  YunJie Hu  Chang Xu  Shengmao Hong  Jiao Li  Min Zhang 《大气科学进展》2014,31(6):1427-1434

This paper explores the role of the secondary inorganic aerosol （SIA） species ammonium,NH4＋,nitrate,NO3-,and sulfate,SO24-,during haze and fog events using hourly mass concentrations of PM2.5 measured at a suburban site in Hangzhou,China.A total of 546 samples were collected between 1 April and 8 May 2012.The samples were analyzed and classified as clear,haze or fog depending on visibility and relative humidity （RH）.The contribution of SIA species to PM2.5 mass increased to ～50％ during haze and fog.The mass contribution of nitrate to PM2.5 increased from 11％ during clear to 20％ during haze episodes.Nitrate mass exceeded sulfate mass during haze,while near equal concentrations were observed during fog episodes.The role of RH on the correlation between concentrations of SIA and visibility was examined,with optimal correlation at 60％-70％ RH.The total acidity during clear,haze and fog periods was 42.38,48.38 and 45.51 nmol m-3,respectively,indicating that sulfate,nitrate and chloride were not neutralized by ammonium during any period.The nitrate to sulfate molar ratio,as a function of the ammonium to sulfate molar ratio,indicated that nitrate formation during fog started at a higher ammonium to sulfate molar ratio compared to clear and haze periods.During haze and fog,the nitrate oxidation ratio increased by a factor of 1.6-1.7,while the sulfur oxidation ratio increased by a factor of 1.2-1.5,indicating that both gaseous NO2 and SO2 were involved in the reduced visibility.  相似文献