Geochemistry of organic-rich river waters in Amazonia: Insights on weathering processes of intertropical cratonic terrain     

《Applied Geochemistry》2016

In this study, eight organic-rich rivers that flow through the Brazilian craton in the southwestern Amazon rainforest are investigated. This investigation is the first of its type in this area and focuses on the effects of lithology, long-term weathering, thick soils, forest cover and hydrological period on the dissolved load compositions in rivers draining cratonic terrain. The major dissolved ion concentrations, alkalinity (TAlk), SiO₂, trace element concentrations, and Sr isotope contents in the water were determined between April 2009 and January 2010. In addition, the isotopic values of oxygen and hydrogen were determined between 2011 and 2013. Overall, the river water is highly dilute and dominated by the major dissolved elements TAlk, SiO₂ and K⁺ and the major dissolved trace elements Al, Fe, Ba, Mn, P, Zn and Sr, which exhibit large temporal and spatial variability and are closely correlated with the silicatic bedrock and hydrology. Additionally, rainwater and recycled water vapor and the size of the basin contribute to the geochemistry of the waters. The total weathering flux estimated from our results is 2–4 t km⁻².yr⁻¹, which is one of the lowest fluxes in the world. The CO₂ consumption rate is approximately 21–61 10³ mol km⁻² yr⁻¹, which is higher than expected given the stability of the felsic to basic igneous and metamorphic to siliciclastic basement rocks and the thick tropical soil cover. Thus, weathering of the cratonic terrain under intertropical humid conditions is still an important consumer of CO₂.  相似文献   

SIMS测定玻璃固化样品中铀分布的分析方法研究     

解未易  沈彦  李力力  赵永刚 《岩矿测试》2016,35(6):579-584

玻璃固化是一种常用的高放废液固化方法,其优点在于具有较高的抗化学介质侵蚀的能力和很好的辐照稳定性、热稳定性和机械稳定性,其不足之处在于抗水浸出等性能有所下降而使其安全性需要进一步通过抗浸出实验来进行衡量和确认。使用二次离子质谱(SIMS)分析玻璃固化体中的放射性成分(如铀元素)的分布及浸出行为等各项指标,是一种评估玻璃固化体抗浸出性能的分析手段。本文应用SIMS测试模拟玻璃固化体,以碳作为镀膜材料通过真空蒸发镀碳的方法优化样品制备条件,有效地解决了样品导电性差的问题,~(235)U/~(238)U同位素测定结果约为7.9‰±0.395‰,基本符合制作模拟样品时所使用的天然铀的同位素特征(~(235)U/~(238)U参考值约7.3‰)。研究表明,建立的方法实现了铀元素同位素丰度的测量,能直接显示铀的分布情况,该方法可为研究玻璃固化体中放射性元素的浸出行为提供一定的技术支持。  相似文献   

微波消解-双浊点萃取ICP-MS测定地球化学样品中的痕量铂钯钌铑   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

沈宇  张尼  高小红  李展  李日升  郑建斌 《岩矿测试》2016,35(3):259-264

传统浊点萃取技术是将待测元素富集在黏稠的表面活性剂相中,溶液的黏度会对等离子体检测信号产生影响,通常使用甲醇作为稀释剂降低有机相黏度,有机成分也对等离子体的稳定性产生影响,同时有机物在进样管路上的吸附还会提高待测元素的记忆效应,因而限制了ICP-MS在浊点萃取中的应用。本文建立了双浊点萃取技术ICP-MS测定地球化学样品中铂钯钌铑的分析方法。样品用微波消解处理后,以DDTP为螯合剂,Triton X-114为表面活性剂,对消解溶液第一次浊点萃取,再在有机相中加入硝酸,通过加热完成第二次浊点萃取,使铂钯钌铑由有机相进入水相,铂钯钌铑的富集因子分别为45、33、18和35,高于单次浊点萃取的富集因子,ICP-MS检出限分别为0.05、0.02、0.10和0.03 μg/L。本方法通过两次浊点萃取过程实现了基体复杂的地球化学样品中痕量铂族元素的同时富集,提高了ICP-MS的稳定性。  相似文献   

Trace elements and mineral chemistry of silicified wood from Thailand: colours and elemental distribution     

S. Saminpanya 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2016,63(7):873-884

Thai silicified woods were examined using electron probe microanalysis, yielding chemical data that characterised the samples into two groups: low and high silica contents (82—94 wt% and 94—98 wt%). The elements analysed in order of abundance include Si > Fe > Ca > Na > Al > Ti > K > Mg > Mn > Zr. Iron plays a major role in the colour range (red, orange, yellow, brown, grey and black) of the samples. Calcium is associated with Fe in the darker colours of the wood. Pseudo-crystallochemistry has been used for the substitution of trace elements for Si⁴⁺ in silica polymorphs. The atomic channels that run parallel to the c-axis of silica polymorphs or lattice defects, or even the charge balance for trivalent-ion substitution for Si⁴⁺, can accommodate monovalent ions (K⁺ and Na⁺). Vacant and atomic cavities, which are charged balanced by trivalent ions [Al³⁺ or Fe³⁺ substituting for Si⁴⁺], are commonly occupied by divalent ions (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Mn²⁺). Quadrivalent ions, Ti⁴⁺ and Zr⁴⁺ are non-structurally incorporated but form clusters of mineral inclusions in the samples. Several other trace-element contents are also in the form of mineral/fluid inclusions hosted in the woods.  相似文献   

A Comparison of In Situ Analytical Methods for Trace Element Measurement in Gold Samples from Various South African Gold Deposits          下载免费PDF全文

Christoph Gauert  Mathias Schannor  Lutz Hecht  Martin Radtke  Uwe Reinholz 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2016,40(2):267-289

Trace element concentrations in gold grains from various geological units in South Africa were measured in situ by field emission‐electron probe microanalysis (FE‐EPMA), laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) and synchrotron micro X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (SR‐μ‐XRF). This study assesses the accuracy, precision and detection limits of these mostly non‐destructive analytical methods using certified reference materials and discusses their application in natural sample measurement. FE‐EPMA point analyses yielded reproducible and discernible concentrations for Au and trace concentrations of S, Cu, Ti, Hg, Fe and Ni, with detection limits well below the actual concentrations in the gold. LA‐ICP‐MS analyses required larger gold particles (> 60 μm) to avoid contamination during measurement. Elements that measured above detection limits included Ag, Cu, Ti, Fe, Pt, Pd, Mn, Cr, Ni, Sn, Hg, Pb, As and Te, which can be used for geochemical characterisation and gold fingerprinting. Although LA‐ICP‐MS measurements had lower detection limits, precision was lower than FE‐EPMA and SR‐μ‐XRF. The higher variability in absolute values measured by LA‐ICP‐MS, possibly due to micro‐inclusions, had to be critically assessed. Non‐destructive point analyses of gold alloys by SR‐μ‐XRF revealed Ag, Fe, Cu, Ni, Pb, Ti, Sb, U, Cr, Co, As, Y and Zr in the various gold samples. Detection limits were mostly lower than those for elements measured by FE‐EPMA, but higher than those for elements measured by LA‐ICP‐MS.  相似文献   

Precise and Accurate Doping of Nanoporous Silica Gel for the Synthesis of Trace Element Microanalytical Reference Materials          下载免费PDF全文

William O. Nachlas 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2016,40(4):505-516

This study presents an experimental procedure to fabricate high‐purity silica glass containing a selected element at a specified mass fraction. The procedure was used to prepare glasses doped with trace‐level mass fractions of Ti with the goal of improving analytical confidence when measuring trace elements in quartz. Systematic tests were performed to determine the ideal conditions and procedures for doping nanoporous silica gel with the highest efficiency of dopant recovery. Silica gel was cleaned in concentrated HCl, immersed in a non‐polar doping medium at a controlled pH and doped with precise quantities of ICP‐MS standard solution. Using liquids composed of longer chain molecules as the doping medium diminishes recovery, suggesting that large molecules could obstruct nanopores to inhibit capillary uptake of the dopant. A control experiment using crystalline quartz reinforced the effectiveness of nanoporous silica gel for doping with trace‐level precision. Layered aggregates of silica gel doped with different Ti mass fractions were hot‐pressed to create multi‐layered reference materials that were analysed with multiple techniques at a variety of spatial scales. Analyses at the intra‐grain scale (cathodoluminescence scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis), at the single grain scale (SIMS), at the sample layer scale (EPMA, laser ablation‐ICP‐MS) and at the bulk scale (ICP‐OES) demonstrated acceptable homogeneity at sample volumes characteristic of most microanalysis techniques and show that nanoporous silica gel holds promise as a highly retentive doping substrate for preparing reference materials for laser‐, electron‐ and ion‐beam microanalysis.  相似文献   

冲绳海槽中部17 000 a以来沉积物中微量元素的组成特征及其对古环境的指示     

彭娜娜  曾志刚 《海洋科学》2016,40(4):126-139

基于加速器质谱仪AMS14C高精度定年,以及应用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对S10孔岩芯沉积物进行微量元素测试,对冲绳海槽中部沉积物的微量元素组成及其记录的物源和古环境信息展开研究。研究结果显示,稀土元素、Th、Nb和Ta元素反映陆源碎屑混合矿物的化学组成特征,Zr和Hf元素指示锆石矿物的化学组成,锆石主要为火山来源,Sc元素可能与铁镁物质有关。稀土元素分析表明沉积物主要由陆源和火山源物质组成,陆源物质主要来自长江和黄河,不同时期,各源区物质贡献量不同:16 500~11 600 a,长江、黄河为沉积物的主要物质来源;11 600~7 750 a,长江物质贡献减少,黄河物质为主;7 750~6 450 a,K-Ah火山物质为主,长江、黄河物质供给骤减;6 450~3 900 a,长江、黄河陆源物质输入增加,4 000 a左右受火山作用影响;3 900~1 900 a,长江、黄河陆源物质输入持续增多;1 900 a以来长江、黄河物质仍有增加,且以黄河物质为主。此外,物源判别公式研究显示台湾物质输入量不能有效反映黑潮演变,而长江、黄河物质输入量对17 000 a以来东亚冬季风的强弱变化有很好的指示,可作为东亚冬季风演变的新证据。这些研究结果表明,冲绳海槽中部微量元素研究可得到海槽17 000 a以来物源及东亚冬季风的演化情况,有助于重建全新世以来沉积物物源及古环境的演变历史。  相似文献   

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究   总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4  

高永宝  李侃  钱兵  李文渊  郑敏昌  ChenGuang ZHANG 《岩石学报》2016,32(1):251-263

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。  相似文献   

安徽铜陵冬瓜山矿床矿石硫化物环带及地质意义   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

曹毅  杜杨松  庞振山  任春雷  杜轶伦  肖福权  周贵斌  陈林杰 《岩石学报》2016,32(2):334-350

安徽冬瓜山矿床是铜陵矿集区内一个重要的大型铜(金)矿床,颇受关注,成因认识分歧较大。矿床内块状硫化物矿石中普遍发育以黄铁矿为核部、黄铜矿为中间带、磁黄铁矿为边部带的硫化物环带。这些环带核部黄铁矿多呈自形-半自形晶,黄铜矿呈他形晶围绕黄铁矿沉淀,磁黄铁矿呈他形分布在黄铜矿外围,内带常被外带硫化物溶蚀交代。硫同位素分析结果显示,环带中硫化物矿物的硫同位素(δ34S=1.6‰~5.1‰)具有岩浆硫源特征,同时从核部黄铁矿到中间带黄铜矿,再到边部磁黄铁矿δ34S值逐渐降低。以上特征表明环带从内到外硫化物之间并非平衡共生关系,而是黄铁矿、黄铜矿和磁黄铁矿先后依次晶出。硫化物环带核部粗粒黄铁矿(粒径大于1.5cm)的Co、Ni含量分别为292×10-6~1504×10-6和32.7×10-6~39.9×10-6,Co/Ni=7.32~46.0(平均26.7),与海底火山喷流沉积型黄铁矿的Co、Ni特征基本一致。核部黄铁矿由颗粒中心向边缘,Fe/S原子比值、Mo和Co含量先逐渐升高,再逐渐降低,而Cu、Zn等成矿元素主要富集于颗粒边缘,并向边缘有逐渐升高趋势。与此同时,细粒黄铁矿(粒径小于0.5cm)中的Cu、Zn等元素的含量明显高于粗粒黄铁矿。环带中三种硫化物矿物的REE配分曲线和微量元素蛛网图极为相似,相对富集LREE、Rb、Th等元素,而亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Sr、Ba和HREE等元素,由环带核部到边部δEu逐渐减小,与矿区石英二长闪长(玢)岩表现出较高的相似性。以上特征综合分析表明,冬瓜山铜(金)矿床中硫化物环带经历了以下形成过程:石炭纪海底喷流沉积作用在矿区形成沉积黄铁矿,到燕山期,在区内强烈的构造-岩浆活动作用下,致使早期沉积的黄铁矿首先发生变质重结晶作用,形成粒状黄铁矿,随后岩浆热液对其进行叠加改造,并在岩浆热液作用下相继围绕粒状黄铁矿增生,依次沉淀出热液型黄铁矿、黄铜矿和磁黄铁矿,最终形成硫化物环带。这一认识,结合硫化物环带中元素及硫同位素特征进一步表明冬瓜山铜(金)矿床的形成先后经历了古生代海底喷流沉积成矿作用和燕山期岩浆热液成矿作用,矿床中的成矿物质(特别是Cu、Zn等成矿元素)主要来源于燕山期岩浆热液,但石炭系海底喷流沉积作用也提供了部分物质(例如,Fe、S、Mo、Co和Ni等)。此外,环带中微量元素的变化特征表明,随着硫化物环带的形成,成矿热液系统的温度、硫逸度和氧逸度逐渐降低和(或)p H值升高。  相似文献   

安徽铜陵新桥铜硫金矿床的成因:来自两类黄铁矿微形貌学、地球化学特征的证据   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

肖鑫  周涛发  范裕  谢杰  张乐骏 《岩石学报》2016,32(2):369-376

新桥矿床是长江中下游成矿带铜陵矿集区内大型铜金硫矿床。本文以矿床中的黄铁矿为研究对象,在详细的野外观察和室内鉴定的基础上,将矿床中的黄铁矿分为胶状黄铁矿(Py I)和半自形-自形黄铁矿(Py II)两种类型。通过场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)和等离子激光质谱(LA ICP-MS)对两类黄铁矿的矿物相、形貌、微结构和微量元素成分进行研究。FE-SEM分析结果表明,Py I基本由极细粒黄铁矿组成,以自形-半自形立方体晶形为主,粒径大约100~500nm,而Py II主要为粒度为50~100μm,以八面体和五角十二面体晶形态为主,两类黄铁矿的形貌和微结构特征明显不同。LA-ICP-MS分析测试显示,Py I中相对富含As、Se、Te等元素,而Py II中成矿元素Cu、Pb、Zn、Au、Ag的含量则比Py I型黄铁矿明显偏高,分别为792.0×10-6、2125×10-6、1.67×10-6、0.29×10-6和190.7×10-6,且Bi、Co、Ni、V、Ti、Mg、Cr、Cd、Al、Mn等微量元素含量较Py I均明显偏高1~2个数量级。在综合分析黄铁矿的结构形态和微量元素组成特征的基础上,本文认为Py I可能形成于晚古生代海底热水沉积环境,Py II形成于中生代岩浆热液环境。新桥铜金硫多金属矿床的成矿作用包括了海西期同生沉积成矿作用和燕山期与岩浆活动有关的热液成矿作用。晚侏罗世-早白垩世广泛发育的强烈岩浆侵入及与之有关的热液活动,对矿床的最终形成起了主导作用,提供了Cu、Au等主要成矿物质。  相似文献