Simulation of seismic response in a city-like environment   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Jean-Philippe Groby  Chrysoula Tsogka  Armand Wirgin   《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2005,25(7-10):487-504

We study the seismic response of idealized 2D cities, constituted by non-equally spaced, non-equally sized homogenized blocks anchored in a soft layer overlying a hard half space. The blocks and soft layer are occupied by dissipative media. To simulate such response, we use an approximation of the viscoelastic modulus by a low-order rational function of frequency and incorporate this approximation into a first-order-in-time scheme. Our results display spatially variable, strong, long-duration responses inside the blocks and on the ground, which qualitatively match the responses observed in some earthquake-prone cities of Mexico, France, the USA, etc.  相似文献   

The GGOS as the backbone for global observing and local monitoring: A user driven perspective   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

H.-P. Plag   《Journal of Geodynamics》2005,40(4-5):479

A key geodetic contribution to both the three Global Observing Systems and initiatives like the European Global Monitoring for Environment and Security is an accurate, long-term stable, and easily accessible reference frame as the backbone. Many emerging scientific as well as non-scientific high-accuracy applications require access to an unique, technique-independent reference frame decontaminated for short-term fluctuations due to global Earth system processes. Such a reference frame can only be maintained and made available through an observing system such as the Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS), which is currently implemented and expected to provide sufficient information on changes in the Earth figure, its rotation and its gravity field. Based on a number of examples from monitoring of infrastructure, point positioning, maintenance of national references frames to global changes studies, likely future accuracy requirements for a global terrestrial reference frame are set up as function of time scales. Expected accuracy requirements for a large range of high-accuracy applications are less than 5 mm for diurnal and sub-diurnal time scales, 2–3 mm on monthly to seasonal time scales, better than 1 mm/year on decadal to 50 years time scales. Based on these requirements, specifications for a geodetic observing system meeting the accuracy requirements can be derived.  相似文献   

Preliminary Characterisation of New Glass Reference Materials (GSA-1G, GSC-1G, GSD-1G and GSE-1G) by Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry Using 193 nm, 213 nm and 266 nm Wavelengths   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  

Marcel Guillong  Kathrin Hametner  Eric Reusser  Stephen A. Wilson  Detlef Günther 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2005,29(3):315-331

New glass reference materials GSA-1G, GSC-1G, GSD-1G and GSE-1G have been characterised using a prototype solid state laser ablation system capable of producing wavelengths of 193 nm, 213 nm and 266 nm. This system allowed comparison of the effects of different laser wavelengths under nearly identical ablation and ICP operating conditions. The wavelengths 213 nm and 266 nm were also used at higher energy densities to evaluate the influence of energy density on quantitative analysis. In addition, the glass reference materials were analysed using commercially available 266 nm Nd:YAG and 193 nm ArF excimer lasers. Laser ablation analysis was carried out using both single spot and scanning mode ablation. Using laser ablation ICP-MS, concentrations of fifty-eight elements were determined with external calibration to the NIST SRM 610 glass reference material. Instead of applying the more common internal standardisation procedure, the total concentration of all element oxide concentrations was normalised to 100%. Major element concentrations were compared with those determined by electron microprobe. In addition to NIST SRM 610 for external calibration, USGS BCR-2G was used as a more closely matrix-matched reference material in order to compare the effect of matrix-matched and non matrix-matched calibration on quantitative analysis. The results show that the various laser wavelengths and energy densities applied produced similar results, with the exception of scanning mode ablation at 266 nm without matrix-matched calibration where deviations up to 60% from the average were found. However, results acquired using a scanning mode with a matrix-matched calibration agreed with results obtained by spot analysis. The increased abundance of large particles produced when using a scanning ablation mode with NIST SRM 610, is responsible for elemental fractionation effects caused by incomplete vaporisation of large particles in the ICP.  相似文献   

利用地震属性研究准噶尔盆地西北缘拐19井区下侏罗统三工河组沉积环境   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文

王世瑞  彭苏萍  凌云  王晓平  吴琳 《古地理学报》2005,7(2):169-184

在准噶尔盆地西北缘，寻找岩性圈闭油气藏已是至关重要的问题。但人们几乎还是用常规的手段来寻找岩性油气藏，没有实质性进展。本文是以利用宽方位角采集的地震数据为基础，对数据进行高保真资料处理和参考标准层的层拉平解释。利用前人的区域地质研究成果和钻井解释成果对侏罗系的沉积环境进行了精细的描述，确定了拐19井区在下侏罗统三工河组的出油层段附近的沉积环境由湖泊相－三角洲前缘相－河流相－湖泊相的演化过程。利用地震属性解释的结果也能较好地反映目标区的沉积环境变迁，并且与区域地质、测井解释结果相吻合，为寻找油气提供了很好的依据。由此得出利用地震属性可以进行沉积环境变迁分析，为油田寻找岩性圈闭及油气藏做出贡献。  相似文献   

Long‐term monitoring of a mercury contaminated estuary (Ria de Aveiro,Portugal): the effect of weather events and management in mercury transport          下载免费PDF全文

J. P. Coelho  P. Pato  B. Henriques  A. Picado  A. I. Lillebø  J. M. Dias  A. C. Duarte  M. E. Pereira  M. A. Pardal 《水文研究》2014,28(2):352-360

The main aim of this research was to assess the mercury transport from an estuarine basin with a background of anthropogenic contamination during a spring tidal cycle (year 2009) and compare it with two previous tidal cycles (years 1994 and 1999), as part of a long‐term monitoring program. Results showed that effective mercury transport occurs both in the dissolved and particulate fractions (0.18 and 0.20 kg per tidal cycle, respectively), and despite an overall decrease in environmental contamination, results more than double previous findings on particulate transport in the system. These findings result essentially from changes in the tidal prism (net export of 2 million m³ of water), given that both dissolved and particulate concentrations did not increase over time. Hydrodynamic simulations were performed to evaluate the effect of physical disturbance (dredging) and weather events (increased freshwater flow) in these processes, and results suggest the increased freshwater flow into the system as the main forcing function for the mercury transport increment. These results highlight the importance of long‐term monitoring programs, since despite an overall improvement in local contamination levels, the enhancement of transport processes through hydrological changes increases environmental pressure away from the contamination source. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Developing millennial tree ring chronologies in the fire‐prone North American boreal forest     

DOMINIQUE ARSENEAULT  BENJAMIN DY  FABIO GENNARETTI  JULIA AUTIN  YVES BÉGIN 《第四纪科学杂志》2013,28(3):283-292

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L1范数与IQR统计量组合的GNSS坐标序列粗差探测算法     

明锋  曾安敏  景一帆 《测绘科学技术学报》2016,(2):127-132

GNSS坐标时间序列中不可避免地含有粗差,未剔除的粗差将会导致参数估计有偏。因此,粗差探测与剔除是GNSS坐标序列分析中一项重要的数据预处理工作。针对GNSS坐标时间序列特点,提出了一种将L1范数(L1-norm)估计与四分位距统计量IQR(interquartile range)组合的移动开窗粗差探测算法,称之为L1_Mod IQR。该方法的主要思想是,首先利用L1范数估计得到较"真实"的残差,然后再对残差采用IQR统计量进行粗差探测。将L1_Mod IQR法与"3σ"法、基于最小二乘的τ检验法等粗差探测算法进行了模拟计算与对比,验证了该算法的有效性。进一步采用L1_Mod IQR算法对中国区域10个IGS站的高程时间序列进行了分析,结果表明中国区域IGS站高程序列的粗差剔除率最小为0.1%,最大为2.6%。并且以WUHN站为例与SOPAC提供的结果进行了对比,结果表明SOPAC提供的"Clean"数据仍含有大量的粗差,而L1_Mod IQR算法能够有效地剔除粗差。  相似文献   

GNSS相应坐标系之间的关系及其影响     

曾安敏  杨元喜  明锋  景一帆 《测绘科学技术学报》2016,(6):551-556

不同的GNSS采用的坐标系定义几乎相近,但参考椭球及其坐标实现不同,这将影响多GNSS融合导航定位效果。根据各GNSS坐标系所采用参考椭球的基本常数,计算比较了不同坐标系参考椭球参数的差异;导出了相应的正常重力公式,比较了这些正常重力公式确定的正常重力值差异;最后分别从坐标系统的定义与实现两个方面分析了其对定位结果的影响。结果表明:1)GPS(BDS)与Galileo和GLONASS所使用的参考椭球引起正常重力差约为0.15和0.30 mgal;2)GPS与BDS,Galileo及GLONASS所使用参考椭球引起纬度分量最大差异约为0.1 mm,3 cm和3 cm,高程分量约为0.1 mm,0.5 m和1 m;3)各GNSS所使用坐标框架间转换参数引起的坐标变化达到厘米级。  相似文献   

基于均一化资料的中国大陆极端温度的长期趋势   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

肖冰霜  马玉霞  赵天保  颜书豪 《气象》2016,42(3):339-346

近百年来,全球气候变暖。这与暖日和暖夜增加,冷日和冷夜减少相关联。文章研究结果进一步证实了这一发现。本文基于1960-2012年中国大陆542个台站均一化气温资料,通过将中国大陆划分为8个次区域,利用百分位定义法计算了极端温度指数序列,同时,运用时间趋势分析法,对中国大陆各区域极端温度和极端温度指数的时空分布及变化趋势特征进行了分析。结果表明:在全球变暖的背景下,从地理分布而言,中国大陆在过去53年除西南地区外,大部分地区最低和最高温度有显著的升高趋势,其中,东北温度升高最为明显;从季节而言,冬季极端温度升高最为明显,夏季升高最少;最低温度明显升高,最高温度也有所升高,但是最低温度的升高幅度更大。冷夜和冷日出现频率呈减少趋势,暖夜和暖日出现频率呈增加趋势,其中以冷夜指数变化最为突出,均呈现一种区域差异的现象。本文利用更新的资料验证了前人的工作,也进一步分区分析,结果可为更多地区评估以及进一步的相关研究提供参考。  相似文献   

中短期数字化天气预报技术现状及趋势   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2  

代刊  曹勇  钱奇峰  高嵩  赵声蓉  谌芸  钱传海 《气象》2016,42(12):1445-1455

建立无缝隙集约化的天气预报业务体系,需要进一步加强中短期天气预报业务技术的发展。通过对现状回顾,指出经过2011—2015年的气象现代化建设,在我国国家级和部分省级业务单位已初步建立了数字化中短期业务预报技术流程,其包括数值模式系统、客观方法释用、预报主观编辑制作以及精细化格点后处理四个方面。但与国外发达国家相比,我国中短期业务技术还存在数值模式发展水平不高、客观预报技术方法未全面深入开展、缺乏有效技术工具支撑预报员进行订正、格点化的处理技术基础薄弱等问题。文章在发展现状和问题分析的基础上,提出未来应提高自主数值模式系统的基础支撑作用,深入发展海量预报信息的客观提取及订正技术,加强开发主观和客观融合的技术和工具平台,完善精细化的格点处理技术的发展思路,并进行具体阐述。最后,从技术发展的基础数据支持、路线选择、发展规律以及交流共享四个方面提出参考意见。  相似文献