Rummaging through Earth's Attic for Remains of Ancient Life     

John C. ArmstrongLlyd E. Wells  Guillermo Gonzalez 《Icarus》2002,160(1):183-196

We explore the likelihood that early remains of Earth, Mars, and Venus have been preserved on the Moon in high enough concentrations to motivate a search mission. During the Late Heavy Bombardment, the inner planets experienced frequent large impacts. Material ejected by these impacts near the escape velocity would have had the potential to land and be preserved on the surface of the Moon. Such ejecta could yield information on the geochemical and biological state of early Earth, Mars, and Venus. To determine whether the Moon has preserved enough ejecta to justify a search mission, we calculate the amount of terran material incident on the Moon over its history by considering the distribution of ejecta launched from the Earth by large impacts. In addition, we make analogous estimates for Mars and Venus. We find, for a well-mixed regolith, that the median surface abundance of terran material is roughly 7 ppm, corresponding to a mass of approximately 20,000 kg of terran material over a 10×10-square-km area. Over the same area, the amount of material transferred from Venus is 1-30 kg and material from Mars as much as 180 kg. Given that the amount of terran material is substantial, we estimate the fraction of this material surviving impact with intact geochemical and biological tracers.  相似文献   

Frictional contact of laminated elastic half‐spaces allowing interface cavities. Part 1: Analytical treatment     

A. A. Kryshtafovych  S. J. Matysiak 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2001,25(11):1077-1088

The paper deals with the plane problem on frictional contact of stratified elastic half‐spaces provided discontinuity of their direct touch. Imperfectness of contact of the bodies is assumed to be caused by surface unevenness of their surface layers. The problem is formulated within the framework of the homogenized model with microlocal parameters. Using the method of complex potentials in combination with the method of interface gaps the problem is reduced to a singular integral equation on the function of interface gap height. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Evaluation of the possible presence of clathrate hydrates in Europa's icy shell or seafloor     

Olga Prieto-Ballesteros  Jeffrey S. Kargel  Franck Selsis  Eduardo Sebastián Martínez 《Icarus》2005,177(2):491-505

Several substances besides water ice have been detected on the surface of Europa by spectroscopic sensors, including CO₂, SO₂, and H₂S. These substances might occur as pure crystalline ices, as vitreous mixtures, or as clathrate hydrate phases, depending on the system conditions and the history of the material. Clathrate hydrates are crystalline compounds in which an expanded water ice lattice forms cages that contain gas molecules. The molecular gases that may constitute Europan clathrate hydrates may have two possible ultimate origins: they might be primordial condensates from the interstellar medium, solar nebula, or jovian subnebula, or they might be secondary products generated as a consequence of the geological evolution and complex chemical processing of the satellite. Primordial ices and volatile-bearing compounds would be difficult to preserve in pristine form in Europa without further processing because of its active geological history. But dissociated volatiles derived from differentiation of a chondritic rock or cometary precursor may have produced secondary clathrates that may be present now. We have evaluated the current stability of several types of clathrate hydrates in the crust and the ocean of Europa. The depth at which the clathrates of SO₂, CO₂, H₂S, and CH₄ are stable have been obtained using both the temperatures observed in the surface [Spencer, J.R., Tamppari, L.K., Martin, T.Z., Travis, L.D., 1999. Temperatures on Europa from Galileo photopolarimeter-radiometer: Nighttime thermal anomalies. Science 284, 1514-1516] and thermal models for the crust. In addition, their densities have been calculated in order to determine their buoyancy in the ocean, obtaining different results depending upon the salinity of the ocean and type of clathrate. For instance, assuming a eutectic composition of the system MgSO₄H₂O for the ocean, CO₂, H₂S, and CH₄ clathrates would float but SO₂ clathrate would sink to the seafloor; an ocean of much lower salinity would allow all these clathrates to sink, except that CH₄ clathrate would still float. Many geological processes may be driven or affected by the formation, presence, and destruction of clathrates in Europa such as explosive cryomagmatic activity [Stevenson, D.J., 1982. Volcanism and igneous processes in small icy satellites. Nature 298, 142-144], partial differentiation of the crust driven by its clathration, or the local retention of heat within or beneath clathrate-rich layers because of the low thermal conductivity of clathrate hydrates [Ross, R.G., Kargel, J.S., 1998. Thermal conductivity of Solar System ices, with special reference to martian polar caps. In: Schmitt, B., De Berg, C., Festou, M. (Eds.), Solar System Ices. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp. 33-62]. On the surface, destabilization of these minerals and compounds, triggered by fracture decompression or heating could result in formation of chaotic terrain morphologies, a mechanism that also has been proposed for some martian chaotic terrains [Tanaka, K.L., Kargel, J.S., MacKinnon, D.J., Hare, T.M., Hoffman, N., 2002. Catastrophic erosion of Hellas basin rim on Mars induced by magmatic intrusion into volatile-rich rocks. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29 (8); Kargel, J.S., Prieto-Ballesteros, O., Tanaka K.L., 2003. Is clathrate hydrate dissociation responsible for chaotic terrains on Earth, Mars, Europa, and Triton? Geophys. Res. 5. Abstract 14252]. Models of the evolution of the ice shell of Europa might take into account the presence of clathrate hydrates because if gases are vented from the silicate interior to the water ocean, they first would dissolve in the ocean and then, if the gas concentrations are sufficient, may crystallize. If any methane releases occur in Europa by hydrothermal or biological activity, they also might form clathrates. Then, from both geological and astrobiological perspectives, future missions to Europa should carry instrumentation capable of clathrate hydrate detection.  相似文献   

Atomistic simulation of the structure and segregation to the (0001) and surfaces of Fe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>     

D. J.?Cooke  S. E.?Redfern  S. C.?ParkerEmail author 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2004,31(8):507-517

The segregation of ten isovalent impurities (Al³⁺ Cr³⁺, Eu³⁺, Gd³⁺, Ho³⁺, La³⁺, Lu³⁺, Nd³⁺, Tb³⁺, Y³⁺) to the and the (0001) surfaces of haematite (-Fe₂O₃) have been studied using atomistic simulation where the forces between the atoms are modelled using the Born model of solids. Segregation is found to be energetically favoured in virtually every case. The results for the surface show that the most favourable impurity surface concentration is 33.33%. The (0001) surface has two possible terminations, one terminated by iron atoms and the other by oxygen. No minimum is calculated for the Fe termination of the (0001) surface at low temperatures, but when the effect of raising the temperature is considered, an energy minimum is found, also at 33.33% impurity coverage. In contrast, the O terminated (0001) surface has a minimum in the segregation energy for between 16.67 and 33.33% depending on the cation being considered.  相似文献   

小兴安岭与松辽盆地新生代耦合关系     

王欢  徐华  王锡魁 《世界地质》2018,37(3):804

通过遥感影像判读、野外高精度GPS定位和数字高程模型分析,查明小兴安岭层状地貌的类型、级数、高程、组成物质和空间展布情况。研究结果表明,新生代以来小兴安岭形成了2级夷平面和5级河流阶地。采用线性函数和二次函数两种统计模型对逊克、嘉荫地区的新生代层状地貌单元相对高度与松辽盆地相应时期沉积物厚度作回归分析,统计模型回归平方和与总离差平方和的比值R~2=0. 944～0. 968,回归方程的整体拟合度很高,该结果显示小兴安岭新生代各个阶段的隆升幅度与松辽盆地的沉降幅度呈正相关关系。新生代期间小兴安岭隆升幅度为449 m,其中第四纪以来的隆升幅度为250 m。第四纪期间小兴安岭平均隆升速率为102. 88 mm/ka。小兴安岭间歇性隆升与松辽盆地间歇性下降是同一构造背景下盆山耦合的两种不同表现形式。  相似文献   

GIS支持下的机场三维净空管理系统的研究与开发     

徐茂林  张贺  郭兆鹏 《测绘与空间地理信息》2014,(12)

通过研究《民用机场飞行区技术标准》(MH,50001-2013)对进近面、过渡面、内水平面、锥形面、内进近面、内过渡面、复飞面和起飞爬升面组成的障碍物限制面定义的基础上,基于GIS技术,开发了机场三维净空管理系统.该系统可以按照相应的标准自动生成单跑道或双跑道障碍物限制面,辅助进行净空管理,极大地减少机场选址或者机场净空管理中障碍物评定的工作量,具有可视化、数字化、智能化的优点,在民航领域高速发展的今天具有广阔的应用前景.  相似文献   

GPS高程异常拟合研究及精度分析     

闫建伟  周长江 《全球定位系统》2014,(1):68-71

本文论述了正交多项式和基于BP人工神经网络的GPS高程异常拟合原理,分析了这几种算法的优缺点。并结合实例计算,比较分析各方法的精度。最后得出改进的BP神经网络的方法精度要优于多项式拟合和标准BP算法。  相似文献