Mapping valley bottom confinement at the network scale     

Gary R. O'Brien  Joseph M. Wheaton  Kirstie Fryirs  William W. Macfarlane  Gary Brierley  Kelly Whitehead  Jordan Gilbert  Carol Volk 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(9):1828-1845

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滇池沉水植物的分布格局及其水环境影响因子识别   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

王琦  高晓奇  肖能文  刘高慧  吕凤春  韩煜  史娜娜  全占军 《湖泊科学》2018,30(1):157-170

研究滇池沉水植物的分布及其与水环境因子的关系,对于滇池沉水植物的恢复具有重要的指导意义.2016年4-11月对滇池24个典型点位沉水植物群落特征进行调查,共发现16个调查区存在9种沉水植物,以篦齿眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus)、微齿眼子菜(P.maackianus)、穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、马来眼子菜(P.wrightii)等为主,沉水植物主要分布在近岸3 m以内水域,盖度在10%左右.主成分分析结果表明,总氮、总磷、悬浮物、化学需氧量和叶绿素a浓度是影响沉水植物种类和生物量的主要因素,透明度是影响沉水植物盖度的主要因素;典范对应分析结果显示,滇池沉水植物的分布主要受水体中营养盐含量和化学需氧量的影响,穗花狐尾藻和轮叶黑藻对有机物和藻类的耐受能力较强,马来眼子菜和篦齿眼子菜适于生长在高营养盐的环境.滇池沉水植物恢复初级阶段的关键是降低水体中化学需氧量、抑制藻类的生长,其次是控制水体营养盐浓度.按照"一区一策"的原则,草海东风坝内和外海南部适于进行沉水植物恢复,外海北部实行控藻治理,外海东部需改善水体有机物浓度和营养盐条件,外海西部以沉水植物自然保育为主.  相似文献   

滇池大泊口水域水生植物种子库时空特征与恢复潜力     

严拾伟  潘珉  李杨  李林  肖邦定  刘永定  宋任彬  李滨  何锋 《湖泊科学》2021,33(2):529-538

以滇池典型生态修复区——大泊口水域为研究对象,研究了富营养化高原湖泊种子库时空特征、种子库与地表覆盖水生植被及水环境的相关关系和恢复潜力.利用高密度样方原位观测与温室控制种子萌发实验相结合,基于2014-2016共3年的长期定位研究,分析湖泊平均种子库密度、分布格局及与覆盖水生植物Sørensen相似性关系,结果显示：年平均种子库形成率在20.35%~34.13%之间,种子库密度2014年为546.67粒/m²,2015年为826粒/m²,2016年为1682粒/m²,眼子菜科的篦齿眼子菜（Potamogeton pectinatus L.）、金鱼藻科的金鱼藻（Ceratophyllum demersum L.）等耐污种属对种子库构成和年增长率贡献较大;垂直方向上种子主要分布于深层底泥（5~30 cm）.随着在时间尺度上的延长,种子库分布更为广泛,且规模越来越大（其中500粒/m²以上规模的分布频率显示增多）.离散系数（V/m）与Lloyd平均拥挤指数（m^*）分析显示主要优势群丛（篦齿眼子菜等）为聚集分布,其余为均匀空间分布格局;种子库与水生植被关系评价指标Sørensen相似性系数（SC）研究显示,滇池大泊口平均SC=（0.3628±0.0265）,在湖泊湿地类型和草本群落植被类型属性上处于较低水平,即显示目前植物群落演替过程发生较快,耐污先锋种属在恢复进程上占据优势生态位,而历史优势种和对水环境要求较高的物种却未能规模萌发,一定程度上揭示了高原富营养化湖泊种子库中历史优势植被可恢复性的特征及难点.  相似文献   

洱海沉水植物群落恢复与优化初探     

杨桐  袁昌波  曹特  文紫豪  丑庆川  毛永杨  张霄林  倪乐意 《湖泊科学》2021,33(6):1777-1787

近几十年来,在入湖营养盐增加,水质持续下降,藻类生物量逐年升高及水位大幅波动下,洱海沉水植物群落演替速度加剧.2016年7月调查显示：洱海沉水植被退化严重,物种数量显著低于近期（2011年）历史水平,分布面积较有记录的历史最高水平（1980s）下降超过70%,优势物种由1960s的海菜花（Ottelia acuminata）、蓖齿眼子菜（Stuckenia pectinata）和大茨藻（Najas marina）等转变为微齿眼子菜（Potamogeton maackianus）、金鱼藻（Ceratophyllum demersum）以及苦草（Vallisneria natans）.沉水植物群落在浅水区（0~2.5 m）主要遭受了浮叶植物细果野菱（Trapa maximowiezii）过度生长带来的生境胁迫,在中等水深区（2.5~4 m）面临微齿眼子菜和金鱼藻的过度生长导致的群落结构的单一化影响,而在深水区（>4 m）面临着面积萎缩的风险,这些严重抑制了沉水植物清水稳态效应的发挥.通过对比洱海典型湖湾洱滨村水域沉水植物群落结构在恢复与优化前后的变化,发现洱滨村水域各水深区间沉水植物群落各项多样性指标与恢复物种的丰度均显著提升.因此,我们总结提出了针对洱海典型富营养湖湾沉水植被恢复和管理的建议和对策,以期为后续进一步开展洱海生态系统恢复相关工作提供依据.  相似文献   

Distinct patterns of bank erosion in a navigable regulated river     

Gonzalo Duró  Alessandra Crosato  Maarten G. Kleinhans  Timotheus G. Winkels  Hessel A.G. Woolderink  Wim S.J. Uijttewaal 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(2):361-374

Distinct bankline patterns appeared after the removal of protection works along a navigable reach of the Meuse River. A series of oblique embayments now dominate the riverine landscape after ten years of bank erosion, but their location and asymmetry cannot be explained yet. This work analyses and integrates field measurements of flow, ship waves, bank composition, bed topography and historical maps to explain the observed patterns along two reaches of the river. An extraordinary low-water-level event generated by a ship accident provided the unique opportunity to also analyse the subaqueous bank topography. The results indicate that the formation of oblique embayments arises from the combination of floodplain heterogeneity, structured by scroll-bar deposits, and the regulation of water levels, resulting in ship-wave attack at a narrow range of bank elevation for 70% of the time. Substrate erodibility acts on the effectiveness of trees to slow down local bank erosion rates, which is possibly enhanced by a positive feedback between woody roots and cohesive soil. The strong regulation of water levels and the waves generated by the intense ship traffic produce an increasingly long mildly-sloping terrace at the bank toe and progressively dominate the bank erosion process. This study demonstrates the important role of floodplain and scroll bar formation in shaping later bank erosion, which has implications for predictive numerical models, restoration strategies, and understanding the role of vegetation in bank erosion processes. © 2019 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd  相似文献   

Stream habitat provided by large wood at risk under drainage law     

Patrick D. Shirey  Jillian B. Kenny  Michael A. Brueseke  Gary A. Lamberti 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(5):1318-1324

Watershed management efforts in agriculturally dominated landscapes of North America face nearly two centuries of laws and policies that encouraged habitat destruction. Although streams and wetlands in these landscapes are actively being restored using designs that incorporate science and engineering, watershed drainage laws can constrain action or impact passively restored or naturalized habitat. In general, drainage laws require removal of any riparian vegetation or wood deemed to obstruct flow in streams regulated as drains. We use a case study from Indiana (USA) to introduce the shortcomings of drainage laws for allowing large wood, which is an important habitat feature, to remain in stream ecosystems. Removals of large wood from monitored stream reaches in a regulated drain were associated with subsequent declines in fish biomass. Such legal activities represent an important environmental management problem that exists under drainage laws which apply to streams over a widespread geographic region of North America. Recent litigation in Wisconsin (USA) suggests that if state legislatures fail to update these antiquated laws, the courts may act in favour of science-based management of drains. The statutes and regulations that govern agricultural drainage warrant careful consideration if streams within drainage districts are to be managed to improve ecological function. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A review of the magnitude and response times for sediment yield reductions following the rehabilitation of gullied landscapes     

Rebecca Bartley  Jean Poesen  Scott Wilkinson  Matthias Vanmaercke 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(13):3250-3279

Gully erosion is a major driver of elevated sediment yields across many areas of the globe, and considerable rehabilitation has occurred to reduce the amount of sediment eroded from gullies. However, compared to other forms of erosion, there has been little systematic review of the effectiveness of gully rehabilitation on reducing sediment yields. This study reviewed the global literature to provide an understanding of the potential sediment yield reductions that can occur following the rehabilitation of gullied landscapes. We focused on studies reporting a measured response on how gully and catchment sediment yield has changed since treatment. A total of 37 studies were found that met this criterion. The studies were partitioned into three broad categories, including those focused on: (i) treating the catchment above the gully; (ii) installing treatments in the actual gully channel; and (iii) a combination of approaches which include treating both the catchment and the gully channel. All the studies demonstrated a reduction in sediment yield following gully rehabilitation, with reported values ranging between 12 and 94%. The timeframes associated with the reductions in sediment yield varied considerably (2–80 years). Applying a variety of rehabilitation measures, which generally includes treating both the hillslope above the gully, and trapping sediment within the gully, appears to result in shorter (median) timescales for sediment yield reduction. Overall, this review indicates that gully rehabilitation strategies combining both engineering and vegetation measures are often the most successful. Engineering measures such as check dams are important for stabilizing sites in the early phases to support the revegetation of gullies and adjacent hillslopes. However, vegetation is the key to the long-term success of gully rehabilitation. This is because many engineering structures eventually fail, or they have a limited life span as an active sediment trap. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd  相似文献   

Fine particle transport dynamics in response to wood additions in a small agricultural stream     

Jennifer Drummond  Aslan Wright-Stow  Paul Franklin  John Quinn  Aaron Packman 《水文研究》2020,34(21):4128-4138

Wood additions to streams can slow water velocities and provide depositional areas for bacteria and fine particles (e.g., particulate organic carbon and nutrients sorbed to fine sediment), therefore increasing solute and particle residence times. Thus, wood additions are thought to create biogeochemical hotspots in streams. Added wood is expected to enhance in-stream heterogeneity, result in more complex flow paths, increase natural retention of fine particles and alter the geomorphic characteristics of the stream reach. Our aim was to directly measure the impact of wood additions on fine particle transport and retention processes. We conducted conservative solute and fluorescent fine particle tracer injection studies in a small agricultural stream in the Whatawhata catchment, North Island of New Zealand in two reaches—a control reach and a reach restored 1-year earlier by means of wood additions. Fine particles were quantified in surface water to assess reach-scale (channel thalweg) and habitat-scale (near wood) transport and retention. Following the injection, habitat-scale measurements were taken in biofilms on cobbles and by stirring streambed sediment to measure fine particles available for resuspension. Tracer injection results showed that fine particle retention was greater in the restored compared to the control reach, with increased habitat-scale particle counts and reach-scale particle retention. Particle deposition was positively correlated with cobble biofilm biomass. We also found that the addition of wood enhanced hydraulic complexity and increased the retention of solute and fine particles near the wood, especially near a channel spanning log. Furthermore, particles were more easily remobilized from the control reach. The mean particle size remobilized after stirring the sediments was ~5 μm, a similar size to both fine particulate organic matter and many microorganisms. These results demonstrate that particles in this size range are dynamic and more likely to remobilize and transport further downstream during bed mobilization events.  相似文献   

浅水湖泊底栖-敞水生境耦合对富营养化的响应与稳态转换机理:对湖泊修复的启示   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘正文  张修峰  陈非洲  杜瑛珣  关保华  于谨磊  何虎  张永东 《湖泊科学》2020,32(1):1-10

浅水湖泊中的初级生产者主要由分布在底栖生境中的底栖植物和生活在敞水生境中的浮游植物组成.底栖植物主要包括维管束沉水植物和底栖藻类等,浮游植物则主要为浮游藻类.贫营养浅水湖泊湖水营养盐浓度低,透明度高,底栖植物因能直接从沉积物中获取营养盐,往往是浅水湖泊的优势初级生产者.随着外源营养盐负荷的增加,湖水中的营养盐浓度不断升高,浮游植物受到的营养盐限制作用减小,加上其在光照方面的竞争优势,逐步发展成为湖泊的优势初级生产者,湖泊逐步从底栖植物为优势的清水态转变为浮游植物为主的浑水态,即稳态转换.在稳态转换过程中,浅水湖泊生态系统结构与功能发生了一系列变化,本文综述了浅水湖泊沉积物性质和生物(浮游植物、底栖植物、底栖动物和鱼类等)群落结构的变化,分析了这些变化对底栖植物、浮游植物之间竞争优势和底栖敞水生境间磷交换的影响,探讨了富营养化驱动的底栖敞水生境耦合过程变化和稳态转换机理.了解浅水湖泊底栖敞水生境耦合过程与稳态转换机理对富营养化浅水湖泊修复有重要意义.富营养化浅水湖泊修复实际就是重建其清水态,在制定修复目标时应该关注评价清水态的指标,如透明度、浮游植物生物量、底栖植物的覆盖度或优势度等.在开展湖泊修复技术研发与工程应用时,应该重点关注对底栖敞水生境耦合有重要影响的关键技术,如沉积物磷释放和底栖生物食性鱼类控制以及底栖植物(尤其是沉水植物)恢复等有关技术.  相似文献   

瓦屋山水库地震台网的恢复重建     

王翠芳  何涛 《地震地磁观测与研究》2020,(1):104-111

瓦屋山水库地震台网于2016年恢复重建,恢复重建的主要任务是对4个台站的观测设施进行改造、台站设备的升级换代、数据传输方式的恢复等,4个台站台址和1个台网中心不变.经过1年的恢复重建,瓦屋山水库地震台网考核运行率达到99.31%,监测能力满足可监测ML≥0.5地震的要求,2个台站的观测动态范围优于恢复重建前的水平,2个台站不如恢复重建前.  相似文献