Ecological modernisation and policy learning in Hong Kong     

Andrew Gouldson  Peter Hills 《Geoforum》2008,39(1):319-330

Whilst ecological modernisation theory emphasizes the potential for modern societies to recognize and respond to their environmental impacts by finding new ways of governing environment-economy relations, concepts of policy learning focus on the scope for new forms of environmental policy to be generated within and transferred between different contexts. Within this paper we explore the conceptual and practical linkages between the two areas of debate - a hitherto neglected area in the literature - and we set this discussion in the context of environmental policy-making in Hong Kong. We suggest that the practical relevance of the concepts of ecological modernisation and policy learning depends upon the presence of a reflexive society with rational, responsive institutions. While many theorists assume that such institutions exist, our analysis of policies for water and air quality management in Hong Kong highlights the need for theories to consider the embeddedness of existing institutions and the significance of the capacities for, and the barriers to, change more fully. We find that capacities for some forms of ecological modernisation and policy learning do exist in Hong Kong. However, we argue that the nature of these capacities often limits the potential for change to those local environmental problems that can be addressed through more technically and economically viable forms of policy intervention and that can be easily accommodated within existing political and economic structures. We also conclude that the capacities for ecological modernisation and policy learning that are needed if Hong Kong is to tackle the effects of the trans-boundary environmental problems that it is increasingly encountering have yet to emerge.  相似文献   

矿山扩展遥感信息自动提取方法研究——以攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿为例   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

漆小英  杨武年  邵怀勇  晏明星 《测绘科学》2008,33(3):76-78

以攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿为例,在遥感和地理信息系统技术的支持下,采用监督分类和土壤调节大气耐抗植被指数差值模型相结合的方法提取攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿区矿山扩展信息,并将其结果与2005年有经验的遥感专家在攀枝花矿山生态环境监控预警技术开发与示范遥感专题中进行人工解译分类得出来的结果进行比较,准确率达到95.3%,结果表明,该方法与传统人工解译方法相比具有方便快捷客观有效的特点。  相似文献   

基于地表生物物理参数的土地利用/覆盖遥感分类方法研究——以长沙市以例     

杨凯  曾永年  历华 《测绘科学》2008,33(4)

土地利用/覆盖分类通常是利用地物的波谱反射特征进行监督或非监督分类,分类结果由于"同物异谱、异物同谱"现象的存在,往往分类精度不高。而植被指数和地表温度作为表征地表覆盖状况的生物物理参数,已成功用于宏观尺度的土地利用/覆盖分类,使得分类结果有所提高,而对于区域尺度的土地利用/覆盖分类却少见报道。本文充分利用TM数据的多光谱特征,从中提取了植被指数NDVI、地表温度Ts、温度植被角度TVA和温度植被距离TVD这四种分类特征进行监督分类,通过对7种组合方案(反射率波段组合、NDVI与反射率波段组合、Ts与反射率波段组合、NDVI与Ts和反射率波段组合、TVA与反射率波段组合、TVD与反射率波段组合、TVA与TVD和反射率波段组合)的分类结果进行比较,得出以下结论:①NDVI、Ts、NDVI和Ts、TVD作为分类特征参与到多波段地表反射率影像分类中,能够提高分类精度,而TVA、TVA和TVD的加入却没有改善分类结果;②总体分类精度受到训练样本与检验样本比例的影响。  相似文献   

遥感技术在大同市新荣区土地利用更新调查中的应用     

李大成  贾琇明 《测绘科学》2008,(Z1)

遥感技术的快速发展及其在土地资源动态更新和监测中的广泛应用,为土地利用更新调查提供了坚实的技术支撑。本文简要介绍了山西省大同市新荣区第二次土地利用更新调查的技术路线,并利用SPOT5卫星的全色数据和多光谱数据,通过人机交互式解译,结合野外调查,对各环节的技术实现进行了论述。  相似文献   

Field Experience through Community Engagement: A Model and Case Study     

William J. Gribb 《The Professional geographer》2018,70(2):298-304

A crucial element in the foundation of geographic training is field experience and the opportunity to learn how to interpret the landscape. This element of the geographer's background provides a link between theory and reality. To enhance that experience, a place-based project focusing on civic engagement increases the student's understanding of geographic concepts, tools, and techniques while providing a service to a local community. This research proposes a model for developing classroom field experience that engages the student-researchers with a local community to address a community-based issue. A case study examining downtown parking in Laramie, Wyoming, is presented. The case study demonstrates how field experience, civic engagement, and collaborative learning can be incorporated into a classroom  相似文献   

Reflections on Progression in Learning about Place     

Eleanor Rawling 《The Journal of geography》2018,117(3):128-132

This commentary is a response to Larsen and Harrington's article titled "Developing a Learning Progression for Place" (2018). Within the author focuses learning progressions, subject structure, and the challenge of place complexity.  相似文献   

Place,Learning Progressions,and Progress     

Thomas B. Larsen  John A. Harrington Jr. 《The Journal of geography》2018,117(3):133-136

This commentary response reflects on the thoughts offered by Solem, Mohan, Rawling, and Lambert regarding Larsen and Harrington's article titled “Developing a Learning Progression for Place” (2018).  相似文献   

An Investigation of the Role of Social Dynamics in Conversion to Sustainable Integrated Mangrove‐Shrimp Farming in Ben Tre Province,Vietnam     

《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2018,39(3):421-437

In the coastal area of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta, much of the mangrove forest has been cut to make space for expansion of industry and aquaculture. Export‐oriented shrimp farming is a particularly fast‐growing business. Nonetheless, the importance of tropical mangrove forest ecosystems for coastal protection and marine biodiversity is widely recognized. The Vietnamese government, supported by non‐governmental organizations and donors, has sought to restore mangrove forest. To this end, the government has promoted mixed or integrated mangrove‐shrimp systems in which farmers maintain at least 40 per cent of their area under mangrove cover. Since 2012, mangrove reforestation, care and protection has benefited from local authority stimulus as well. Multiple studies have examined the condition of the mangrove forest in Ben Tre and other coastal provinces of the Mekong Delta. However, no research has investigated the role of social dynamics in farmers’ willingness to shift to, or maintain, integrated mangrove‐shrimp systems. Specifically, the influence of information, group dynamics and social learning on farmer decision‐making is poorly understood and, indeed, hardly investigated in Vietnam. This article reports on a study of social processes in three communes in Binh Dai District, Ben Tre Province, Vietnam. We conducted 42 semi‐structured interviews (with 34 farmers and eight local officials) and used secondary data. Our preliminary findings indicate that social dynamics in these communes were issue‐driven and played an important role in farmers’ decisions to adopt, or convert to, the integrated mangrove‐shrimp farming system. Television, radio, the internet, books, neighbours and training courses all had some influence in farmer decision‐making processes. However, our findings suggest that the accessibility, usefulness, relevance and approach of these communication methods must be improved if they are to adequately inform and support local farmers.  相似文献   

Optimize taxi driving strategies based on reinforcement learning     

Yong Gao  Dan Jiang  Yan Xu 《International journal of geographical information science》2018,32(8):1677-1696

The efficiency of taxi services in big cities influences not only the convenience of peoples’ travel but also urban traffic and profits for taxi drivers. To balance the demands and supplies of taxicabs, spatio-temporal knowledge mined from historical trajectories is recommended for both passengers finding an available taxicab and cabdrivers estimating the location of the next passenger. However, taxi trajectories are long sequences where single-step optimization cannot guarantee the global optimum. Taking long-term revenue as the goal, a novel method is proposed based on reinforcement learning to optimize taxi driving strategies for global profit maximization. This optimization problem is formulated as a Markov decision process for the whole taxi driving sequence. The state set in this model is defined as the taxi location and operation status. The action set includes the operation choices of empty driving, carrying passengers or waiting, and the subsequent driving behaviors. The reward, as the objective function for evaluating driving policies, is defined as the effective driving ratio that measures the total profit of a cabdriver in a working day. The optimal choice for cabdrivers at any location is learned by the Q-learning algorithm with maximum cumulative rewards. Utilizing historical trajectory data in Beijing, the experiments were conducted to test the accuracy and efficiency of the method. The results show that the method improves profits and efficiency for cabdrivers and increases the opportunities for passengers to find taxis as well. By replacing the reward function with other criteria, the method can also be used to discover and investigate novel spatial patterns. This new model is prior knowledge-free and globally optimal, which has advantages over previous methods.  相似文献   

基于机器学习算法的县域台风灾害损失风险评估     

杨绚  张立生  王铸 《热带气象学报》2022,38(5):651-661

基于2008—2019年我国台风县(区)灾情的直接经济损失数据,根据经济损失率将台风灾害经济损失风险分为五类,考虑台风灾害的致灾因子和孕灾环境因子共选取10个解释变量,采用五种经典的机器学习算法,包括支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)、随机森林(Random Forest,RF)、AdaBoost、XGBoost(Extreme Gradient Boosting Machine)和LightGBM(Light Gradient Boosting Machine),分别构建台风灾害经济损失风险评估模型,选出准确率最高的模型,应用于经典台风过程并进行检验评估。结果表明:基于RF算法的台风灾害经济损失风险模型的准确率最高;利用RF、XGBoost、LightGBM、AdaBoost和SVM算法构建模型的准确率依次为0.69、0.63、0.62、0.45和0.41。选择RF算法构建的台风灾害经济损失风险模型的解释变量表明,致灾因子是最主要的解释变量,其中,降雨导致损失的重要性超过风速。该模型在训练集和测试集上对风险分类的TS评分为0.55和0.51,但对每种风险类别的辨别能力存在差异,对于最低风险和最高风险的分类效果较好,对于较高风险和中等风险的分类能力不足。利用该模型对2017年第13号台风“天鸽”的经济损失进行检验评估,评估结果与实际台风灾害经济损失的风险等级较一致,各风险等级的准确率均达到0.7以上,TS评分在0.58以上,空报率和漏报率分别在0.31和0.25以下。   相似文献