An integrated hydrological model for rain‐induced landslide prediction     

P. L. Wilkinson  M. G. Anderson  D. M. Lloyd 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2002,27(12):1285-1297

This paper describes an extension to the Combined Hydrology And Stability Model (CHASM) to fully include the effects of vegetation and slope plan topography on slope stability. The resultant physically based numerical model is designed to be applied to site‐specific slopes in which a detailed assessment of unsaturated and saturated hydrology is required in relation to vegetation, topography and slope stability. Applications are made to the Hawke's Bay region in New Zealand where shallow‐seated instability is strongly associated with spatial and temporal trends in vegetation cover types, and the Mid‐Levels region in Hong Kong, an area subject to a variety of landslide mechanisms, some of which may be subject to strong topographic control. An improved understanding of process mechanism, afforded by the model, is critical for reliable and appropriate design of slope stabilization and remedial measures. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Implications of the relationship between catchment vegetation type and the variability of annual runoff   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Murray C. Peel  Thomas A. McMahon  Brian L. Finlayson  Fred G. R. Watson 《水文研究》2002,16(15):2995-3002

The impact of changing catchment vegetation type on mean annual runoff has been known for some time, however, the impact on the variability of annual runoff has been established only recently. Differences in annual actual evapotranspiration between vegetation types and the potential effect of changing vegetation type on mean annual runoff and the variability of annual runoff are briefly reviewed. The magnitude of any change in the variability of annual runoff owing to a change in catchment vegetation type is related to the pre‐ and post‐change vegetation types and the seasonality of precipitation, assuming that the variability of annual precipitation remains constant throughout. Significant implications of the relationship between vegetation type and the variability of annual runoff are presented and discussed for water resource management, stream ecology and fluvial geomorphology. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Physical and chemical dynamics of temporary ponds on a calcareous plateau in Thuringia, Germany     

Jens Arle   《Limnologica》2002,32(2)

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中全新世以来黑龙江同江地区的孢粉组合与植被、气候演化   总被引：2，自引：11，他引：2  

张玉兰  杨永兴 《地理科学》2002,22(4):426-429

对黑龙江省同江县96－QP剖面从下至上划分4个孢粉组合带：1是以蒙古栎－桦属－蒿属－苔草属－木本科－水龙骨科为主组合带；2是以蒿属－莎草科－禾本科－桦属－栎属为主组合带；3是以桦属－蒙古栎松属－蒿属－莎草科－禾本科为主组合带；4是以松属－桦属－蒙古栎－蒿属－苔草属为主组合带。这4个孢粉组合带清楚地反映了古植被，古气候演替4个阶段；依次为温性落叶阔叶林－针，阔叶混交林→以落叶阔叶树稍多的针、阔叶混交林－草原→以松占优势的针、阔叶混交林。其气候变化是温暖湿润－温和略干－温和略湿－温凉湿润。  相似文献   

甘青地区中晚全新世植被变化与人类活动   总被引：5，自引：5，他引：5  

安成邦  陈发虎  冯兆东 《干旱区地理》2002,25(2):160-164

史前时期人类对环境的影响是近几年来国际研究的热点。在甘青地区，全新世的孢粉资料比较多。但在中晚全新世，该区人类对环境的影响作用及其程度仍不清楚，许多孢粉分析资料中并没有充分考虑人类活动的影响。本文选取孢粉分辨率较高、代表性较好的青海湖、兰州、秦安大地湾三地的资料，着重研究了其中乔木成分的变化。分析发现，孢粉组合中乔木成分的变化与气候变化的趋势并不一致。通过对考古及历史资料的分析，笔者认为，该区的植被很早就受到人类活动的影响。自全新世中期，本区植被中的乔木成分波动下降。5000－3000a BP期间，史前农业对植被的影响较大。3000－2000a BP期间，植被略有恢复。2000a BP以后，人为影响加剧，植被中乔木成分迅速下降。研究者认为，依赖孢粉资料重建中晚全新世的气候变化历史应当慎重。  相似文献   

沙坡头人工植被固沙区天然降水的入渗和分配研究   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：5  

王新平  李新荣  张景光 《中国沙漠》2002,22(6):534-540

土壤、植被冠层与大气界面间(SVAT)物质传输过程日益成为水文学研究最感兴趣的领域,降水量的迁移与转换是非灌溉区SVAT主要的物质传输过程.干旱半干旱区稀疏灌丛蒸散量占降水量的90%以上,因此对降水入渗与水分在土壤内植物根际区再分配的研究显得十分重要.试验于2001年8月17日至9月30日在中国科学院沙坡头试验站进行,主要观测人工植被荒漠灌木柠条(Caragana korshinskii) 灌丛固定沙丘降水入渗与再分配过程.结果表明:在7次不连续降水过程中,土壤入渗深度与降水强度呈简单线性相关关系,土壤入渗速率约为降水强度的10倍.当次降水过程中降水强度小于0.46 mmh-1时,土壤入渗速率约为0 cm*h-1,此时的降水对沙区土壤基本上没有水分补给作用.受荒漠灌木柠条根系吸水作用的影响,其根系密集剖面深度40～140 cm内降水水分入渗积累不明显.降水入渗速率及入渗深度受土壤剖面初始含水率多寡而变化,干燥土壤剖面有助于提高瞬时入渗速率.降水以后随着时间的推移,人工固沙区微环境内空气温度、湿度等气象条件适宜,柠条生长进入相对旺盛阶段,其根系密集层140 cm深度处土壤含水率在总体上下降的过程中,表现出昼消夜长的趋势,试验期间翌日 8:00时土壤含水率值略高于前一日20:00时水分值 0.1%～0.3%.  相似文献   

沙坡头人工植被区中的油蒿种群动态与稳定性   总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2  

徐军  李青丰  王建光  李治国 《中国沙漠》2002,22(6):591-597

利用种群生态学中的年龄结构、静态生命表和种群动态指数对沙坡头包兰铁路北侧1964年和1981年沙地人工植被区中的油蒿种群结构动态进行分析,发现1981年区和1964年区的油蒿种群都属于增长型,但1981年区的增长性大于1964年区,也就是说,随着人工植被建立的时间延长,油蒿种群结构由快增长型转向慢增长型.因此,沙地中的油蒿种群的动态趋势是由快增长向慢增长,以及衰退方向演变,最终有从人工植被区中消失的趋势.同时,油蒿种群结构的增长型是油蒿能长期存在的种群生态学原因,是它具有适应干旱、半干旱区的沙地生境的生物学特性所决定的.  相似文献   

腾格里沙漠人工固沙植被区生物土壤结皮对降水的拦截作用   总被引：33，自引：16，他引：33  

李守中  肖洪浪  宋耀选  李金贵  刘立超 《中国沙漠》2002,22(6):612-616

在沙坡头人工植被区对人工模拟降水及天然降水后生物土壤结皮层含水率进行了动态定位监测,并分析了生物土壤结皮拦截降水的作用.结果表明:①生物土壤结皮的发育改变了原来沙丘剖面的水分分配格局,10%～40%的年降水量被拦截到结皮层;②随固沙年限的增加,生物土壤结皮的进一步发育和演变,其对降水的拦截能力也进一步提高;③生物土壤结皮对降水的拦截有明显的季节变化,7～10月份平均拦截雨量比4～6月份平均高出12%.  相似文献   

Vegetation as a tool in the characterisation of geomorphological forms and processes: an example from the Abisko Mountains     

Anna Koz&#;owska  & Zofia R&#;czkowska 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2002,84(3-4):233-244

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Wetland vegetation biomass estimation and mapping from Landsat ETM data:a case study of Poyang Lake     

LI Ren-dong  LIU Ji-yuan 《地理学报》2002,12(1):35-41

Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China. This paper conducted a digital and rapid investigation of the lake’s wetland vegetation biomass using Landsat ETM data acquired on April 16, 2000. First, utilizing the false color composite derived from the ETM data as one of the main references, the authors designed a reasonable sampling route for field measurement of the biomass, and carried it out on April 18-28, 2000. Then after both the sampling data and the ETM data were geometrically corrected to an equal-area projection of Albers, linear relationships among the sampling data and some transformed data derived from the ETM data and the ETM 4 were calculated. The results show that the sampling data is best relative to the band 4 data with a high correlation coefficient of 0.86, followed by the DVI and NDVI data with 0.83 and 0.80 respectively. Therefore, a linear regression model, which was based on the field data and band 4 data, was used to estimate the total biomass of entire Poyang Lake, and then the map of the biomass distribution was compiled.  相似文献