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1.
Soil salinization, caused by salt migration and accumulation underneath the soil surface, will corrode structures. To analyze the moisture-salt migration and salt precipitation in soil under evaporation conditions, a mathematical model consisting of a series of theoretical equations is briefly presented. The filling effect of precipitated salts on tortuosity factor and evaporation rate are taken into account in relevant equations. Besides, a transition equation to link the solute transport equation before and after salt precipitation is proposed. Meanwhile, a new relative humidity equation deduced from Pitzer ions model is used to modify the vapor transport flux equation. The results show that the calculated values are in good agreement with the published experimental data, especially for the simulation of volume water content and evaporation rate of Toyoura sand, which confirm the reliability and applicability of the proposed model. 相似文献
2.
For monoparametric familiesf(x,y)=c of planar orbits, created by a planar potentialV(x,y), we introduce the notion of the family boundary curves (FBC). All members of the familyf(x,y)=c are traced in an allowable region of thexy plane, defined by the corresponding FBC, with total energyE=E(c) varying along the family. Family boundary curves are also found for two-parametric familiesf(x,y,b)=c. The relation of equilibrium points and asymptotic orbits, possibly possessed by the potentialV(x,y), to be FBC is studied. 相似文献
3.
Eduardo E. Alonso Sarah M. Springman Charles W. W. Ng 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2008,26(6):817-826
Two large-scale “in situ” demonstration experiments and their instrumentation are described. The first test (FEBEX Experiment)
involves the hydration of a compacted bentonite barrier under the combined effect of an inner source of heat and an outer
water flow from the confining saturated granite rock. In the second case, the progressive de-saturation of Opalinus clay induced
by maintained ventilation of an unlined tunnel is analyzed. The paper shows the performance of different sensors (capacitive
cells, psychrometers, TDR’s) and a comparison of fill behaviour with modelling results. The long term performance of some
instruments could also be evaluated specially in the case of FEBEX test. Capacitive sensors provide relative humidity data
during long transient periods characterised by very large variations of suction within the bentonite. 相似文献
4.
Inverse analysis is increasingly used in ecosystem modelling to objectively reconstruct a large number of unknown flows or interactions from a small number of observations. This type of analysis may be useful in relating observed regime shifts in ecosystem structure to underlying processes. Inversions of ecosystem flow networks currently use a constrained least-squares solution which at the same time minimizes the squared norm (the sum of squares) of the reconstructed flows. This minimum norm (MN) inversion is thought to be a parsimonious solution to the ecosystem flow inverse problem, but it may well not reflect how ecosystems are organised. It has been proposed instead that ecosystems evolve to maximize energy/mass flows or that they maximize the information content of the network weighted by ecosystem flows (ascendancy). We used simulated inverse experiments, where inverse analyses are applied to simulations of flow networks, to explore objective functions different than the MN generally used. We could not compute inverse solutions that maximize ascendancy because the objective function is unbounded. We could calculate inversions that maximize flows; however, these generally overestimated the simulated flows, even though the simulations were designed to maximize flows. It appears that the ecosystem flow inverse problem is too under-determined (too few data relative to the number of unknowns) to allow the use of these maximizing goal functions. We introduce a new minimization that simultaneously minimizes the squared flows and the squared differences between flows. This smoothing minimization makes the inverse flows as even as possible and it helps with some technical issues with MN inversions. The simulated inverse experiments indicated that this smoothed norm (SM) is the most robust in comparative analyses of contrasting ecosystem states, such as those that can be associated with regime shifts. Like the MN inversion, the SM inversion has no ecological basis. However, it is a conservative norm that is less likely to produce false differences between the dynamics of regimes. 相似文献
5.
An important task in modern geostatistics is the assessment and quantification of resource and reserve uncertainty. This uncertainty
is valuable support information for many management decisions. Uncertainty at specific locations and uncertainty in the global
resource is of interest. There are many different methods to build models of uncertainty, including Kriging, Cokriging, and
Inverse Distance. Each method leads to different results. A method is proposed to combine local uncertainties predicted by
different models to obtain a combined measure of uncertainty that combines good features of each alternative. The new estimator
is the overlap of alternate conditional distributions. 相似文献
6.
The survey for the HEIFE(Atmosphere-Land Surface Processes Experiment at Heihe River Basin,Western China) is given in the paper.The following basic subjects for land-surface processes in arid areas are studied:(1) the general characteristics of the energy budget on ground surface in arid areas;(2) the parameterization of the land surface processes;(3) the interaction between oasis and its desert circumstances,a special phenomenon in arid areas.The analysis shows that the sensible heat flux in the surface energy budget is in the majority,and the latent heat flux may be neglected.The influence of atmospheric stratification stability on the turbulent transfer of energy and substance must be considered in parameterization of land surface processes in arid areas.The "cold island effect" phenomenon in oasis and the "humidity inversion" phenomenon in desert near oasis are the result of the interaction between them.The results would improve the understanding of land surface processes in arid areas. 相似文献
7.
We consider the problem of finding the generalized potential function V = U
i(q
1, q
2,..., q
n)q
i + U(q
1, q
2,...;q
n) compatible with prescribed dynamical trajectories of a holonomic system. We obtain conditions necessary for the existence of solutions to the problem: these can be cast into a system of n – 1 first order nonlinear partial differential equations in the unknown functions U
1, U
2,...;, U
n, U. In particular we study dynamical systems with two degrees of freedom. Using adapted coordinates on the configuration manifold M
2 we obtain, for potential function U(q
1, q
2), a classic first kind of Abel ordinary differential equation. Moreover, we show that, in special cases of dynamical interest, such an equation can be solved by quadrature. In particular we establish, for ordinary potential functions, a classical formula obtained in different way by Joukowsky for a particle moving on a surface.Work performed with the support of the Gruppo Nazionale di Fisica Matematica (G.N.F.M.) of the Italian National Research Council. 相似文献
8.
9.
利用中国东部1990~2000年旬平均土壤湿度、降水和气温观测资料,通过对0~50 cm层次土壤湿度进行旋转主分量分析 (REOF),重点分析了淮河流域土壤湿度的时空分布特征, 并初步研究了土壤湿度与前期、同期和后期不同时段降水与气温的关系。发现春季以30 cm为界,30 cm以上各层土壤湿度异常的第一旋转空间模态十分相似, 其大值中心主要位于淮河流域,而30 cm以下 (30~50 cm) 各层的第二旋转空间模态与之亦十分类似, 因此称该模态为“淮河型”,而夏季和秋季虽然该模态也很显著, 但特征不如春季突出。该模态在各层次土壤中具有明显的持续性特征,均存在40旬左右的显著周期;并与前期和同期降水(气温)呈显著正 (负) 相关关系,与约半年后的降水 (气温) 呈负 (正) 相关关系。 相似文献
10.
相对湿度对气溶胶辐射特性和辐射强迫的影响 总被引:14,自引:4,他引:14
采用已有的气溶胶折射指数等资料 ,计算了在不同的相对湿度条件下硫酸盐气溶胶的辐射特性。结合两种不同化学输送模式 (CTM )的模拟结果及LASGGOALS/AGCM模式 ,模拟估算了考虑相对湿度影响后全球硫酸盐气溶胶的辐射强迫。结果表明 :(1)随着相对湿度的增加 ,硫酸盐气溶胶的质量消光效率因子在短波波段有所减小 ,单次散射反照率仅在长波波段有所增加 ,不对称因子在整个波段均有所增加 ;(2 )用两个CTM资料模拟辐射强迫的结果相差较大 ,其全球平均辐射强迫分别为 - 0 .2 6 8和 - 0 .816W/m2 ;(3)在考虑相对湿度的影响后 ,硫酸盐气溶胶辐射强迫的分布类型与相应干粒子的强迫分布类型基本相同 ,但全球平均的强迫值减少了 6 %左右。 相似文献