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61.
Nozzle‐type rainfall simulators are commonly used in hydrologic and soil erosion research. Simulated rainfall intensity, originating from the nozzle, increases as the distance between the point of measurement and the source is decreased. Hence, rainfall measured using rain gauges would systematically overestimate the rainfall received at the ground level. A simple model was developed to adjust rainfall measured anywhere under the simulator to plot‐wide average rainfall at the ground level. Nozzle height, plot width, gauge diameter and height, and gauge location are required to compute this adjustment factor. Results from 15 runs at different rain intensities and durations, and with different rain gauge layouts, showed that a simple average of measured rain would overestimate the plot‐wide rain by about 20 per cent. Using the adjustment factor to convert measured rainfall for individual gauges before averaging improved the estimate of plot‐wide rainfall considerably. For the 15 runs considered, overall discrepancy between actual and measured rain is reduced to less than 1 per cent with a standard error of 0·97 mm. This model can be easily tested in the ?eld by comparing rainfall depths of different sized gauges. With the adjustment factor they should all give very similar values. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
62.
The Franz Josef Glacier, Westland, New Zealand, has a history of catastrophic sediment‐laden outburst ?oods associated with extreme rainfall events when the glacier toe is advanced over its own sediments. Consideration of these events and inspection of recent sediment deposits suggest that there are three distinct modes of outburst. The ?rst is associated with fans fed by over?ow along the glacier margin. As the glacier has advanced across its own fore?eld gravels, it is inferred that the primary drainage conduit has developed a reach of negative slope. In high ?ows massive boulders can block the conduit, trapping lesser clasts. The resulting backup of water causes over?ows through marginal moulins, producing the fan type of deposit. The second type of outburst deposits massive imbricated boulders at a greater or lesser distance from the glacier portal. In this case, pressure buildup drives the blockage out of the portal where the boulders deposit. Smaller materials are generally carried away. The third type consists of very shallow ?ows, and produces massive gravel deposits of uncertain provenance. In this condition, the excess pressure in the conduit results in slight uplift of the glacier and widespread discharge of water and sediment below the glacier snout; gravels and smaller sediments are laid down in a massive deposit across the fore?eld. The massive, boulder‐veneered deposit from the December 1995 outburst is interpreted in the light of the above mechanisms as a hyperconcentrated ?ow deposit from hydraulic jacking, overlain by boulders emplaced by a subsequent conduit outburst. A possible association of outbursts with the present advanced position of the glacier is suggested. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
63.
Classification of artificial (man-made) ground 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
M. S. Rosenbaum A. A. McMillan J. H. Powell A. H. Cooper M. G. Culshaw K. J. Northmore 《Engineering Geology》2003,69(3-4):399-409
The legacy inherited from anthropogenic processes needs to be addressed in order to provide reliable and up-to-date ground information relevant to development and regeneration in the urban environment. The legacy includes voids as well as anthropogenic deposits (artificial ground). Their characteristics derive from former quarrying and mining activities industrial processes creating derelict ground, variably consolidated made ground, and contaminated groundwater and soils. All need to be systematically assessed to inform the planning process and provide the basis for engineering solutions. Site-specific investigation needs to be conducted on the back of good quality geoscientific data. This comes from ‘field’ survey, remotely sensed data interpretation, historical maps, soil geochemical sampling, and geotechnical investigation. Three-dimensional and, in the future, four dimensional, characterization of superficial deposits is required to reach an understanding of the potential spatial lithological variability of artificial ground and the geometry of important surfaces, i.e. the boundary conditions. The classification scheme for artificial ground outlined in this paper and adopted by the British Geological Survey, will help in achieving this understanding. 相似文献
64.
Amitabha Mukhopadhyay 《Hydrogeology Journal》2003,11(3):343-356
The ability of artificial neural network to differentiate water samples from the two aquifers of Kuwait on the basis of their
major ion chemistry has been demonstrated. The major ion concentration distribution in the groundwater of the Kuwait Group
and the Dammam Formation aquifers of Kuwait appears very similar. Cross-plots, supported by the discriminant function analysis
of the data, however, suggest that there are some subtle differences in the overall composition of the water from the two
aquifers that make it possible to differentiate the water from the two aquifers in almost 80% of the cases. An artificial
neural network improved the differentiation capability to 90% of the cases. It is also possible to estimate the fraction of
Kuwait Group water in the flow stream of dually completed wells with the help of an artificial neural network developed for
this purpose.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
65.
A. K. Mitra M. Das Gupta R. K. Paliwal S. V. Singh 《Journal of Earth System Science》2003,112(2):223-232
A daily rainfall dataset and the corresponding rainfall maps have been produced by objective analysis of rainfall data. The
satellite estimate of rainfall and the raingauge values are merged to form the final analysis. Associated with epochs of monsoon
these rainfall maps are able to show the rainfall activities over India and the Bay of Bengal region during the BOBMEX period.
The intra-seasonal variations of rainfall during BOBMEX are also seen using these data. This dataset over the oceanic region
compares well with other available popular datasets like GPCP and CMAP. Over land this dataset brings out the features of
monsoon in more detail due to the availability of more local raingauge stations. 相似文献
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黄河流域夏季分区面雨量预报研究 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
介绍黄河流域分区夏季面雨量预报的研究成果,精心挑选51个具有较好代表性的测站对黄河流域夏季降水的时空演变特征进行分析,使用K均值动态聚类对黄河流域的夏季降水进行了客观分区,并计算出各流域夏季面雨量。通过对黄河流域夏季雨量与500hPa环流,海温、OLR、中纬阻高,高原积雪,欧亚积雪等重要影响因子的关系分析,结合黄河流域夏季面雨量年降和年代际演变特征的分析,研究出黄河流域分区夏季面雨量预测的基本方法和模型,并通过客观化的数学方法建立黄河流域夏季面雨量预测系统,预测系统十年回报的结果显示出具有较的预测技巧。 相似文献
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