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A statistic–stochastic multi‐fractal downscaling technique was evaluated from a hydrologic point of view. Ensemble hydrologic forecasts with a time step of 3 h were performed for original and disaggregated ensemble rainfall forecasts issued by the Canadian Global Ensemble Prediction System in its 2009 operational version. This hydro‐meteorological operational forecasting chain was conducted using the hydrological model SWMM5. The model was implemented on a small 6‐km2 urban catchment located in the Québec City region. The hydrological evaluation was based on the comparison of forecasted flows to the observed ones, calculating several deterministic and probabilistic scores, and drawing rank histograms and reliability diagrams. Disaggregated products led to a better representation of the ensemble members' dispersion. This disaggregation technique represents an interesting way of bridging the gap between the meteorological models' resolution and the high degree of spatial precision sometimes required by hydrological models in their precipitation representation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
103.
Projected 21st century climate change on snow conditions over Shasta Dam watershed by means of dynamical downscaling 
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下载免费PDF全文 Snow is an important component of the Earth's climate system and is particularly vulnerable to global warming. It has been suggested that warmer temperatures may cause significant declines in snow water content and snow cover duration. In this study, snowfall and snowmelt were projected by means of a regional climate model that was coupled to a physically based snow model over Shasta Dam watershed to assess changes in snow water content and snow cover duration during the 21st century. This physically based snow model requires both physical data and future climate projections. These physical data include topography, soils, vegetation, and land use/land cover, which were collected from associated organizations. The future climate projections were dynamically downscaled by means of the regional climate model under 4 emission scenarios simulated by 2 general circulation models (fifth‐generation of the ECHAM general circulation model and the third‐generation atmospheric general circulation model). The downscaled future projections were bias corrected before projecting snowfall and snowmelt processes over Shasta Dam watershed during 2010–2099. This study's results agree with those of previous studies that projected snow water equivalent is decreasing by 50–80% whereas the fraction of precipitation falling as snowfall is decreasing by 15% to 20%. The obtained projection results show that future snow water content will change in both time and space. Furthermore, the results confirm that physical data such as topography, land cover, and atmospheric–hydrologic data are instrumental in the studies on the impact of climate change on the water resources of a region. 相似文献
104.
Short‐term flood inundation prediction using hydrologic‐hydraulic models forced with downscaled rainfall from global NWP 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 A short‐term flood inundation prediction model has been formulated based on the combination of the super‐tank model, forced with downscaled rainfall from a global numerical weather prediction model, and a one‐dimensional (1D) hydraulic model. Different statistical methods for downscaled rainfall have been explored, taking into account the availability of historical data. It has been found that the full implementation of a statistical downscaling model considering physically‐based corrections to the numerical weather prediction model output for rainfall prediction performs better compared with an altitudinal correction method. The integration of the super‐tank model into the 1D hydraulic model demonstrates a minimal requirement for the calibration of rainfall–runoff and flood propagation models. Updating the model with antecedent rainfall and regular forecast renewal has enhanced the model's capabilities as a result of the data assimilation processes of the runoff and numerical weather prediction models. The results show that the predicted water levels demonstrate acceptable agreement with those measured by stream gauges and comparable to those reproduced using the actual rainfall. Moreover, the predicted flood inundation depth and extent exhibit reasonably similar tendencies to those observed in the field. However, large uncertainties are observed in the prediction results in lower, flat portions of the river basin where the hydraulic conditions are not properly analysed by the 1D flood propagation model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
105.
地表温度LST（Land Surface Temperature）是全球气候变化研究的关键参数,遥感是获取全球和区域尺度地表温度的一种切实可行手段,但现有的单一传感器无法提供高时空分辨率的LST数据,限制了遥感地表温度数据的深入广泛应用。现有的降尺度方法难以生成无缝高时空分辨率的地表温度数据,且降尺度效果易受高空间分辨率LST数据缺失及有效时刻分布影响。本文提出了一种基于地表温度日变化模型DTC（Diurnal Temperature Cycle）偏差系数解算的地表温度降尺度方法,采用FY-4A、MODIS和Landsat 8的LST数据生成晴空及多云条件下逐小时100 m的无缝LST数据。方法主要包含4部分：（1）利用空值重建方法获取无缝的FY-4A的LST数据;（2）建立FY-4A LST数据的DTC模型;（3）采用时空融合模型对MODIS的LST数据进行空间降尺度;（4）解算DTC模型偏差系数,获取逐小时100 m分辨率的无缝LST数据。实验结果表明,本文提出的方法具有较高的降尺度精度,可获得晴空及多云条件下无缝高时空地表温度数据,且高空间分辨率的地表温度数据缺失和有效时刻分布对本文方法降尺度结果影响较小。 相似文献
106.
We downscaled atmospheric reanalysis data using linear regression and Bayesian neural network (BNN) ensembles to obtain daily maximum and minimum temperatures at ten weather stations in southern Quebec and Ontario, Canada. Performance of the linear and non-linear downscaling models was evaluated using four different sets of predictors, not only in terms of their ability to reproduce the magnitude of day-to-day variability (i.e., “weather,” mean absolute error between the daily values of the predictand(s) and the downscaled data) but also in terms of their ability to reproduce longer time scale variability (i.e., “climate,” indices of agreement between the predictand's observed annual climate indices and the corresponding downscaled values). The climate indices used were the 90th percentile of the daily maximum temperature, 10th percentile of the daily minimum temperature, number of frost days, heat wave duration, growing season length, and intra-annual temperature range.
Our results show that the non-linear models usually outperform their linear counterparts in the magnitude of daily variability and, to a greater extent, in annual climate variability. In particular, the best model simulating weather and climate was a BNN ensemble using stepwise selection from 20 reanalysis predictors, followed by a BNN ensemble using the three leading principal components from the aforementioned predictors. Finally, we showed that, on average, the first three indices presented higher skills than the growing season length, number of frost days, and the heat wave duration. 相似文献
107.
针对华南前汛期降水过程,基于全球集合预报系统（GEFS）资料,利用WRF中尺度模式以及GEFS动力降尺度获取的区域集合预报初值场,通过多物理过程参数化方案组合和模式积分方法实现华南前汛期降水的区域集合预报。对2019年5月15日—6月15日共32天的华南前汛期降水过程进行了单一物理过程区域集合预报（REFS_SINGLE）和多物理过程区域集合预报（REFS_MULTI）的数值模拟批量敏感性试验,通过GEFS、REFS_SINGLE和REFS_MULTI的对比分析,探讨多物理过程参数化方案组合对华南前汛期降水的影响,同时利用一次华南前汛期暴雨过程进一步探讨集合预报试验的预报效果。结果表明:（1）REFS集合平均的预报效果明显好于控制性预报。（2）REFS降水集合离散度与预报误差的对应关系好于GEFS。（3）积分48小时后,REFS_MULTI和REFS_SINGLE的扰动能量分别是GEFS的4.7倍和6.3倍。（4）降水级别越大,REFS的TS评分效果就越好于GEFS;REFS_MULTI略微好于REFS_SINGLE。（5）基于32天的批量试验,REFS的AUC值有28天大于GEFS,REFS_MULTI有22天大于REFS_SINGLE,表明REFS的预报技巧好于GEFS,且REFS_MULTI的预报技巧好于REFS_SINGLE。 相似文献
108.
基于高分辨率格点数据集CN05.1和区域气候模式RegCM4对4个全球气候模式动力降尺度模拟（CdR、EdR、HdR、MdR）,识别了观测和模拟的1981—2005年中国群发性高温事件（CHTE）。在此基础上,评估了模式对中国CHTE的模拟能力。结果表明：4个动力降尺度模拟以及多模式集合（MME）均能很好地模拟出中国CHTE频次、持续时间和累计强度的空间分布。不过,HdR模拟的CHTE发生次数在新疆地区略偏少,而其他3个模拟试验的CHTE次数在中国东南部略偏多。观测中CHTE持续时间、极端强度、累计强度、最大影响面积、平均影响面积、综合强度等的频率分布规律均能被合理再现。MME也能很好模拟观测揭示的CHTE综合强度以及频次、持续时间、强度、影响面积等单项指标的上升趋势。单模式成员亦可再现大多数指标的上升趋势,但也存在一定不足,如EdR模拟的CHTE综合强度呈减弱趋势,MdR模拟的CHTE频次和极端强度呈弱的下降趋势。 相似文献
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