排序方式： 共有51条查询结果，搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
Runoff and soil moisture are two key components of the global hydrologic cycle that should be validated at local to global scales in Earth System Models (ESMs) used for climate projection. We have evaluated the runoff and surface soil moisture output by the Community Climate System Model (CCSM) along with 8 other models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) repository using satellite soil moisture observations and stream gauge corrected runoff products. A series of Community Land Model (CLM) runs forced by reanalysis and coupled model outputs was also performed to identify atmospheric drivers of biases and uncertainties in the CCSM. Results indicate that surface soil moisture simulations tend to be positively biased in high latitude areas by most selected CMIP5 models except CCSM, FGOALS, and BCC, which share similar land surface model code. With the exception of GISS, runoff simulations by all selected CMIP5 models were overestimated in mountain ranges and in most of the Arctic region. In general, positive biases in CCSM soil moisture and runoff due to precipitation input error were offset by negative biases induced by temperature input error. Excluding the impact from atmosphere modeling, the global mean of seasonal surface moisture oscillation was out of phase compared to observations in many years during 1985–2004. The CLM also underestimated runoff in the Amazon, central Africa, and south Asia, where soils all have high clay content. We hypothesize that lack of a macropore flow mechanism is partially responsible for this underestimation. However, runoff was overestimated in the areas covered by volcanic ash soils (i.e., Andisols), which might be associated with poor soil porosity representation in CLM. Our results indicate that CCSM predictability of hydrology could be improved by addressing the compensating errors associated with precipitation and temperature and updating the CLM soil representation. 相似文献
32.
Partitioning transpiration (T) from evapotranspiration (ET) is a key process for understanding the interaction between land surfaces and the atmosphere. This paper reports daily partitioning results for a grassland over a 10-year period, obtained using the Community Land Model 3.5 (CLM3.5) land surface model. Hourly forcing data were collected from a long-term observation system located in the northeast of Japan ( http://doi.org/10.24575/0001.198108 ). To test the model behavior, total ET was validated using eddy correlation measurements combined with the energy balance method. The results were compared with previous research using an isotope approach for partitioning. The results demonstrate that our model can capture the dynamics of ET and its components at this location. Evaporation (E), originating from the ground and canopy, varied inter-annually, and from 2006 to 2015, average annual E was approximately 285 mm/year from the ground and 45 mm/year from the canopy. Average, T, was approximately 302 mm/year, accounting for approximately 48% of the total ET. Inter-annual results demonstrate that the water flux transported by vegetation ranges from 17 to 83% during the April–October period. A sensitivity test conducted with forcing data indicates air temperature, incident solar radiation, and longwave radiation exhibited a notable effect on all ET components. Relative humidity exhibited the only negative feedback to both evaporation and transpiration, contrary to the other forcing parameters. Our study reemphasized the effectiveness of CLM3.5 in partitioning T from ET and in understanding the complex interaction between land surfaces and the atmosphere. 相似文献
33.
利用NOAH(The Community Noah Land Surface Model)、SHAW(Simultaneous Heat and Water)和CLM(Community Land Model)3个不同的陆面过程模式及兰州大学(Semi-Arid Climate Observatory and Laboratory,SACOL)2007年的观测资料,对黄土高原半干旱区的陆面过程进行了模拟研究。通过与观测值间的对比,考察不同陆面过程模式在半干旱区的适用性。研究结果表明:3个模式在半干旱区的模拟性能有较大差异。其中,CLM模式模拟的20 cm以上的浅层土壤温度最优,SHAW模式模拟的深层土壤温度最优;SHAW模式模拟的土壤含水量与观测值最为接近,而NOAH和CLM模式模拟值有较大偏差;3个模式均能较好地模拟地表反射辐射,其中SHAW模式模拟值与观测值的偏差最小;对地表长波辐射的模拟,CLM模式的模拟最优;3个模式均能较好地反映感热、潜热通量的变化趋势,其中CLM模式对感热的模拟性能优于其他两个模式,在有降水发生后的湿润条件下,CLM模式对潜热的模拟性能最优,而无降水的干燥条件下,CLM模式的模拟偏差最大,NOAH模式对冬季潜热的模拟最优。总体而言,CLM模式能够更好地再现半干旱区地气之间的相互作用,但模式对土壤含水量及干燥条件下的潜热通量的模拟较差,模式对半干旱区陆气间的水文过程还有待进一步的研究和改进。 相似文献
34.
Minha Choi 《水文研究》2012,26(4):597-603
In the past few decades, there have been great developments in remotely sensed soil moisture, with validation efforts using land surface models (LSMs) and ground‐based measurements, because soil moisture information is essential to understanding complex land surface–atmosphere interactions. However, the validation of remotely sensed soil moisture has been very limited because of the scarcity of the ground measurements in Korea. This study validated Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer E (AMSR‐E) soil moisture data with the Common Land Model (CLM), one of the most widely used LSMs, and ground‐based measurements at two Korean regional flux monitoring network sites. There was reasonable agreement regarding the different soil moisture products for monitoring temporal trends except National Snow and Ice Data Centre (NSIDC) AMSR‐E soil moisture, albeit there were essential comparison limitations by different spatial scales and soil depths. The AMSR‐E soil moisture data published by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VUA) showed potential to replicate temporal variability patterns (root‐mean‐square errors = 0·10–0·14 m3 m?3 and wet BIAS = 0·09 ? 0·04 m3 m?3) with the CLM and ground‐based measurements. However, the NSIDC AMSR‐E soil moisture was problematic because of the extremely low temporal variability and the VUA AMSR‐E soil moisture was relatively inaccurate in Gwangneung site characterized by complex geophysical conditions. Additional evaluations should be required to facilitate the use of recent and forthcoming remotely sensed soil moisture data from Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity and Soil Moisture Active and Passive missions at representative future validation sites. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
35.
Impact of rain snow threshold temperature on snow depth simulation in land surface and regional atmospheric models 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study investigates the impact of rain snow threshold (RST) temperatures on snow depth simulation using the Community Land Model (CLM) and the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF-coupled with the CLM and hereafter referred to as WRF CLM), and the difference in impacts. Simulations were performed from 17 December 1994 to 30 May 1995 in the French Alps. Results showed that both the CLM and the WRF CLM were able to represent a fair simulation of snow depth with actual terrain height and 2.5℃ RST temperature. When six RST methods were applied to the simulation using WRF CLM, the simulated snow depth was the closest to observations using 2.5℃ RST temperature, followed by that with Pipes’, USACE, Kienzle’s, Dai’s, and 0℃ RST temperature methods. In the case of using CLM, simulated snow depth was the closest to the observation with Dai’s method, followed by with USACE, Pipes’, 2.5℃ RST temperature, Kienzle’s, and 0℃ RST temperature method. The snow depth simulation using the WRF CLM was comparatively sensitive to changes in RST temperatures, because the RST temperature was not only the factor to partition snow and rainfall. In addition, the simulated snow related to RST temperature could induce a significant feedback by influencing the meteorological variables forcing the land surface model in WRF CLM. In comparison, the above variables did not change with changes in RST in CLM. Impacts of RST temperatures on snow depth simulation could also be influenced by the patterns of temperature and precipitation, spatial resolution, and input terrain heights. 相似文献
36.
地表温度是影响地表能量收支平衡和气候变化的重要因子,也是评价陆面模式性能的主要指标。新疆下垫面包括沙漠、绿洲、冰川、积雪等多种类型,其地表温度变化对生态环境和天气气候变化有重要影响。为了找到影响第三代陆面模式NCAR CLM4.5模拟新疆地表温度效果的主要因子,促进该模式发展,在对ERA-5再分析资料评估基础上,以其作为实况资料,首先对CLM4.5长时段模拟新疆地表温度的效果开展评估,然后利用地表能量平衡方程得到的地表温度变化影响因子分离方法,揭示出引起新疆地表温度模拟偏差的主要因子。结果表明：ERA-5地表温度的空间分布特征、量级和时间变化与观测结果一致,可用来研究该区域地表温度变化。CLM4.5对新疆地表温度模拟冷偏差值较大,但相关性显著,且误差与气候背景和下垫面条件有关。CLM4.5模拟的潜热值偏大是地表温度模拟值偏低的主要原因,CLM4.5模拟的潜热值在新疆大部分区域比ERA-5的多90%以上。CLM4.5对新疆0—10 cm土壤湿度模拟值偏大,蒸散过强,导致潜热通量偏大,因此改进土壤湿度计算方案是提高该陆面模式对新疆地表温度模拟水平的有效途径。 相似文献
37.
中国区域陆面覆盖变化的气候效应模拟研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
基于MODIS和CLCV陆面覆盖资料,利用区域气候模式RegCM4分别进行两组24年（1978-2001年）的数值模拟试验,研究中国区域陆面覆盖变化对区域气候的影响。结果表明,以荒漠化和植被退化为主要特征的陆面覆盖变化通过改变陆面能量、水分平衡与大尺度环流进而对气候要素产生重要影响。夏季,中国南方地区普遍降温,季风边缘区及藏北高原气温升高,降水减少;季风边缘区与西北地区气温年际波动加剧;内蒙古中东部地区西南风增强,进而水汽输送增强,一定程度上增加了该地区降水。冬季,中国东部地区偏北气流增强,更多干燥冷空气南下,使得黄河以南地区降水减少、气温降低。 相似文献
38.
基于CLM模式的青藏高原土壤冻融过程陆面特征研究 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
使用位于青藏高原东部若尔盖站的观测数据驱动CLM3.5模式,设计一组去除模式中冻融过程的"退化试验",进行为期一年的模拟研究。通过对比原试验与敏感性试验模拟结果,初步分析冻融过程在土壤温度变化、各能量通量分配中的作用,得到以下结论：（1）冻融过程是土壤温度变化的"缓冲器",冻结过程向周围环境释放能量减缓了土壤降温的速率,使土壤温度不至降得太低,而消融过程从周围环境吸收能量减缓了土壤升温的速率,使土壤温度不至升高太多;（2）冻融过程改变了地表辐射通量,土壤冻结改变了地表反照率,改变了向上短波辐射,且由于冻结过程减缓了地表温度的下降,改变了地表向上长波辐射,进而改变了净辐射通量;（3）冻融过程显著地改变了陆面能量的分配,通过相变能量的释放和吸收增大了地气间能量的传输,显著地增大了地表土壤热通量,且通过改变地表温度和地表蒸发,改变了感热及潜热通量。在冻结过程及完全冻结阶段,感热及潜热通量均增大,但在消融过程阶段,感热及潜热通量均减小。冻融过程对土壤热通量及感热通量的影响在冻结过程及完全冻结阶段更为显著,而对潜热的影响则是在消融过程阶段更为显著。 相似文献
39.
论文基于CLM 4.5模拟1980—2009年月尺度中亚陆表蒸散发和土壤水分,并和GLDAS、GLEAM数据产品进行对比,结果表明CLM 4.5模拟的蒸散和土壤水分区域平均值和其他产品具有较好的一致性。从CLM 4.5模拟的陆表蒸散结果分析可知：全年蒸散大部分集中于春夏2季,在5月达到一年的最大值,夏季中亚的蒸散高值区集中在哈萨克斯坦北部和东北部、东南部的山地区,对应主要的农田区和林地区,植被蒸腾占主导因素;春季东南部天山山脉和帕米尔高原是蒸散高值区,主要因为该地区春季降水量较大,且积雪开始融化,水量充足,地表蒸散发充分;蒸散低值区主要在西南的土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦,地表覆盖以荒漠为主,植被覆盖较少,降水也较少,导致地面蒸散量较低。模拟的表层土壤水分结果表明：冬季陆面蒸散低,降水大多储存在表层土壤内或者以积雪的形式覆盖在地面上,春季气温升高,积雪融化下渗到土壤中,土壤水分持续增加,4月份达到峰值;夏季蒸散增加,降水减少,土壤水分持续下降,9月份达到最低值;进入秋冬季后蒸散降低,土壤水分呈上升趋势。中亚土壤水分高值区集中在北部和东北部的林地、农田区,以及天山山脉和下游的阿姆河、锡尔河流域区,西南部的荒漠区依然是低值区。一年中,夏季降水较少,由于地面蒸发的作用,土壤水分持续较少,蒸散也随之降低。三者之间相关性很高;冬季降水和土壤之间的相关性较高,尤其是裸地区;在植被覆盖较大的情况下,春季降水和蒸散相关性较高,土壤水分和降水、蒸散之间相关性较低,会出现负相关情况。CLM 4.5模拟的结果为进一步中亚地区的水问题研究奠定基础。 相似文献
40.
ABSTRACTThis study was carried out to quantify the physical processes of lakes in the Tibetan Plateau using the Community Land Model, version 4.5 (CLM4.5), coupled with a physically based, 10-layer lake model developed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research. The CLM was forced with 10?km resolution reanalysis data to attempt to understand detailed lake processes and how these processes affect lake surface temperature. In this study, we simulated seasonal and interannual variations of lake surface temperature for Lake Qinghai, Zhaling Co, and Nam Co in the Tibetan Plateau and compared these simulations with observations. The results showed that the CLM4.5 lake model simulations reproduced the observed lake surface temperatures for Lake Qinghai and Zhaling Co well but reproduced those for Nam Co poorly. Through detailed analysis, we found that the simulated biases for Nam Co result largely from the unrealistic parameterization of eddy diffusivity. By expanding this parameter, the lake surface temperature simulations improved remarkably. In addition, erroneous lake ice cover simulations contributed to the simulated lake surface temperature bias in the cold seasons. 相似文献