Statistical analysis of microphysical properties and the parameterization of effective radius of warm clouds in Beijing area   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Zhaoze Deng  Chunsheng Zhao  Qiang Zhang  Mengyu Huang  Xincheng Ma 《Atmospheric Research》2009,93(4):888-896

In this paper warm cloud microphysical parameters including cloud droplet number concentration (N_c), liquid water content (q_l) and effective radius (r_e) from 75 flights around the Beijing area during 2005 and 2006 are summarized. Average N_c (cm^− 3) for Cu, Sc, Ac, As and Ns are 376 ± 290, 257 ± 226, 147 ± 112, 60 ± 35 and 60 ± 84, respectively. Many records of high N_c above 1000 cm^− 3 are observed. The large standard deviations indicate a large variation of N_c and q_l in this region. The maxima of q_l reach 1.4 g m^− 3 in Cu and 1.0 g m^− 3 in Sc, respectively. Different parameterizations of effective radius are examined with the in-situ data in this area. There are different ways to obtain the prefactor representing the relationship between effective radius and mean volume radius. Significant systematic errors are found to be at the large sizes when the prefactor is expressed with relative dispersion under the Gamma Distribution. Fixed prefactor of 1, which was widely used, even produces much larger error. A prefactor of 1.22 is found to be better than the former two methods by fitting with the observed data. The effective radius is further parameterized as functions of mean volume radius, liquid water content and cloud droplet number concentration. We suggest that the effective radius can be parameterized as r_e,p ≈ 1.20r_v + 0.22–1.28/r_v², which is a practical and more accurate scheme without too much computation complexity.  相似文献   

Identifying Nonstationarity in Turbulence Series   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Edgar L Andreas  Cathleen A. Geiger  George Treviño  Kerry J. Claffey 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2008,127(1):37-56

Because of rapid forcing by varying cloud and sky conditions, turbulence time series collected in the atmospheric surface layer over land may often be nonstationary. The meteorological community, however, has no consensus definition of what nonstationarity is and, thus, no consensus method for how to identify it. This study, therefore, adopts definitions for first-order and second-order stationarity taken from the time series analysis literature and implements new analysis techniques and probabilistic tests to quantify first-order and second-order nonstationarity. First-order nonstationarity manifests as a change in the series mean; second-order nonstationarity, as a change in the variance. The analysis identifies nonstationarity in surface-level turbulent temperature and water vapour series collected during two sample days with solar forcing influenced by cirrus and cirrostratus clouds, but that nonstationarity is not as severe as expected despite the rapid thermal forcing by these clouds. On the other hand, even with negligible cloud forcing, both sample days exhibited severe nonstationarity at night.  相似文献   

逐时云迹风资料同化对暴雨预报的模拟试验   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

冯文  万齐林  陈子通  丁伟钰  黄燕燕 《气象学报》2008,66(4):500-512

文中基于不同的云迹风同化方案,用GRAPES模式对2005年7月11-12日长江中下游一次暴雨强降水过程进行了云迹风资料同化试验及数值模拟,通过对比分析不同方案所得的分析场及预报场的差异,研究逐时云迹风资料三维变分同化对分析场及暴雨预报的影响.首先,根据连续性原理及双通道各层次云迹风资料的误差分析,分3个步骤对7月11日00:00-12:00 UTC共12个时次的双通道云迹风资料进行了初步的质量控制;然后,把经过质量控制的云迹风资料放入基于GRAPES 3D-VAR三维变分同化方案开发的逐小时循环同化系统中进行同化,将得出的分析场与单一时次未经质量控制的云迹风资料同化得出的分析场进行对比,探讨了逐时云迹风资料同化对数值预报分析场的影响;最后,把同化后的分析场作为初始场,用 GRAPES模式对 2005年7月11-12日长江流域暴雨过程做24 h降水预报试验,分析两个同化方案所模拟得到的预报场的差异.结果表明,经资料的筛选、同经纬度单点通道的选择及资料的稀疏化3个步骤控制后,各层次云迹风资料的误差有明显减小;加入经质量控制的逐时云迹风资料其三维变分同化可以提高分析场中风压场及水汽场的质量;而且在暴雨预报试验中可以相对更准确地预报暴雨落区及雨强.  相似文献   

鄂西北夏季对流云降水微物理过程数值模拟     

王斌  石燕  吴涛  陈宝君 《湖北气象》2008,27(1):9-16

为了深入研究对流云降水微物理过程特征,为局地对流降水预报和人工增雨提供更多的参考依据,利用三维双参数对流云模式,使用常规单站探空资料,开展湖北两北部山地夏季对流降水实例的批量数值模拟,使用地面降水量和雷达回波资料检验模拟效果,统计分析降水微物理过程特征,归纳总结冰相粒子的形成、增长机制,以及液念水和冰相粒子的相互转化机制。结果表明：（1）对流云模式能够较好地模拟实际对流降水的一些宏观微观特征;（2）当地夏季主要是对流冷云降水,冰相过程是形成降雨的主要物理过程;（3）冰相过程巾过冷水、霰、冰晶之间的相互转化过程是主要的冷云降水形成机制。  相似文献   

Long-term evolution of Oort Cloud comets: methods and comparisons     

P. Nurmi 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2001,323(4):911-922

Two long-term simulation methods for cometary orbits, a Monte Carlo method and a direct integration method, are compared with each other. The comparison is done in seven inclination and perihelion distance intervals, and shows differences in dynamical lifetime and capture probabilities for the following main reasons. We use a finite energy step approximation in the Monte Carlo method and the method considers only close approaches with the planets. The differences can be taken into account statistically and it is possible to calculate the correction factors for the capture probability and dynamical lifetime in the Monte Carlo method. Both corrections depend on the inclination and on the value of the minimum energy step. The capture probabilities of the short-period comets originating in the Oort Cloud are calculated by the corrected Monte Carlo method and compared with published results.  相似文献   

平流层臭氧的温室效应及其气候影响     

阎邦华  许丽生  李青 《成都信息工程学院学报》1990,(4)

本文阐述大气中重要的“痕量气体”之一——臭氧(平流层臭氧)对地球表面和低层大气的温室效应及其全球气候的反馈影响;指出了云的辐射力的概念及其重要性,并讨论了“南极臭氧洞”现象。  相似文献   

青藏高原云的气候学特征   总被引：31，自引：12，他引：31  

魏丽  钟强 《高原气象》1997,16(1):10-15

利用国际卫星云气候计划（ＩＳＣＣＰ）获取的１９８３年７月～１９９０年６月２．５°×２．５°分辨率的云气候资料以及Ｈａｈｎ等整理的１９７１～１９８１年５°×５°分辨率地面观测云气候资料，综合分析了青藏高原地区冬季和夏季云的水平和垂直分布特征，从而为检验大气环境或气候模式的云模拟能力及进一步研究青藏高原地区云辐射相互作用对气候的影响提供背景依据。  相似文献   

云迹风计算中的两个几何问题   总被引：5，自引：4，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

许健民  张其松 《应用气象学报》1997,8(1):11-18

文章分析了云迹风计算工作中所遇到的两个几何问题，即图像匹配问题和风矢量计算问题。图像匹配问题是指用于计算云迹风的两幅图像如果定位网格不一致，如何通过图像匹配来减少云迹风的计算误差。风矢量计算问题是指在已得到示踪云位置时，如何准确地求出风向风速。云迹风的计算在本质上是一个几何问题，几何处理周密是减少云迹风计算误差的一个重要途径。  相似文献   

甘肃省云量的气候特征   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

赵红岩  付秀兰  李珍 《干旱气象》1997,(3)

对甘肃省５３个测站１９６１—１９９５年年平均总云量资料用ＥＯＦ等方法进行分析研究。结果表明：甘肃省年平均总云量变化在空间上具有很好的一致性，但也存在明显的差异；３５年来甘肃省年平均总云量变化趋势是在波动中逐渐减少，全省平均减少０．１９成，尤以９０年代云量减少最显著；甘肃省总云量年际变化具有７年周期。  相似文献   

Microphysical and radiative properties of mixed-phase altocumulus: A model evaluation of glaciation effects     

Kenneth Sassen  Vitaly I. Khvorostyanov   《Atmospheric Research》2007,84(4):390-398

Using a cloud model with explicit microphysics and radiation, we evaluate the microphysical changes in a supercooled liquid altocumulus cloud with increasing ice content, until glaciation occurs. The properties of the ice and water particle constituents are resolved independently, revealing the relative radiative contributions from the water phase source cloud versus the ice phase virga. Cloud contents are also converted to millimeter-wave radar reflectivities to shed light on the ability of such radars to study these ubiquitous clouds. The results show that the radiative and radar backscattering properties of mixed-phase clouds are dominated by the cloud droplets and ice crystals they contain, respectively.  相似文献