中国地区云对地-气系统辐射强迫温度效应的气候研究   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4  

刘艳  翁笃鸣 《气象学报》2002,60(6):766-773

文中利用地球辐射平衡试验 (ERBE)和国际卫星云气候计划 (ISCCP)提供的地 气系统行星反射率、射出长波辐射 (OLR)和云量资料 ,计算了中国地区年、月平均总云量对地 气系统短波辐射、长波辐射以及净辐射强迫的温度效应和敏感性系数 ,并讨论了云对各辐射分量强迫的温度效应与总云量的关系。结果表明 :地 气系统云辐射强迫温度效应与总云量间具有较明显的曲线相关。云辐射强迫温度效应及其敏感性系数具有明显的时空变化特点。就中国全国平均而言 ,各月地 气系统云辐射强迫净温度效应一般表现为降温作用。  相似文献   

Organic compounds in radiation fogs in Davis (California)     

Pierre Herckes  Michael P. Hannigan  Laurie Trenary  Taehyoung Lee  Jeffrey L. Collett  Jr.   《Atmospheric Research》2002,64(1-4)

New stainless steel active fogwater collectors were designed and used in Davis (CA, USA) to collect fogwater for the speciation of organic matter. Organic compounds in fog samples were extracted by liquid–liquid extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Numerous organic compounds, including various alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and alkanoic acids, have been identified in the fogwater samples. Higher molecular weight (MW) compounds are preferentially associated with an insoluble phase inside the fog drops, whereas lower molecular weight and more polar compounds are found predominantly in the dissolved phase. Concentrations in the dissolved phase were sometimes much higher than estimated by the compounds' aqueous solubilities.  相似文献   

An airborne two-stage impactor for chemical analysis of size-segregated cloud drops     

W. Jaeschke  A. Günther 《Atmospheric Research》2002,64(1-4)

Aqueous concentrations of ionic species observed in cloud water studies often have been in conflict with expectations from model predictions. These inconsistencies result from the size-dependent chemical composition of cloud drops during different stages in the lifetime of a cloud. To study this phenomenon, droplets of clouds need to be collected in different size ranges with high resolution in space and time. The only possibility for this kind of study is the use of an aircraft. Therefore, during the last several years, an attempt was made to develop a mobile cascade impactor, which can be installed outside an aircraft. The cloud water sampled in different size fractions can be transferred into the interior of the aircraft during the measuring flight. The collector is able to sample two size fractions. For continental clouds, the cutoffs are chosen to be >5 and >13.5 μm in diameter. For maritime clouds, the cutoff for the first stage could be shifted to 18.6 μm by lowering the nozzle speed. Prior to field application, the collector was characterized with the aid of “calibration fogs” produced in the laboratory with different drop sizes and different chemical compositions. The characterization included the examination of the cutoffs and the reliability of the sampling procedure with regard to the subsequent chemical analysis. With a collection period of 2 min, collection rates in the order of 0.1–1 cm³ min⁻¹ can be obtained. The collector characterized in this manner was successfully used during measuring flights in clouds over northern Germany. Preliminary concentrations of NH₄⁺, SO₄²⁻ and Cl⁻ found in the two size fractions of the cloud drops are presented.  相似文献   

Effects of organic aerosol constituents on extinction and absorption coefficients and liquid water contents of fogs and clouds     

Kurt Bullrich  Gottfried Hänel 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1978,116(2-3):293-301

We have speculated on the influence of organic material on extinction and absorption coefficients and liquid water content of fogs and of clouds immediately after their condensational stage. It results therefore, that the reduction of the speed of growth from fog to cloud droplets due to the presence of organic films largely reduces the properties mentioned. Compared to that their increase coming from the surface tension reduction due to organic material being dissolved or building up films is expected to be less effective.  相似文献   

Experimental evaluation of the coalescence efficiencies of colliding water drops     

Zev Levin  Benjamin Machnes 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1977,115(4):845-867

The coalescence of water drops of sizes comparable to rain drops (200–2500 m diameter) was investigated. The method used provided a good separation between collision and coalescence effects. The result suggests a dependence of the coalescence efficiency on both the size of the large drop and the ratio of the radii of the interacting drops (p-ratio). The coalescence was observed to rapidly decrease due to bouncing and partial coalescence as the angle of impact increased from head-on to grazing angle. However, some bouncing was observed at very low impact angles.The results of the coalescence efficiency were fitted with an empirical equation for use in numerical models of cloud growth and precipitation development.On sabbatical leave (1976–77) from the Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.  相似文献   

Parameterizations of cloud feedback in a radiative-convective model     

Hans-Josef Jung  Wilfrid Bach 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1985,123(4):610-623

The effect of cloud feedback on the response of a radiative-convective model to a change in cloud model parameters, atmospheric CO₂ concentration, and solar constant has been studied using two different parameterization schemes. The method for simulating the vertical distribution of both cloud cover and cloud optical thickness, which depends on the relative humidity and on the saturation mixing ratio of water vapor, respectively, is the same in both approaches, but the schemes differ with respect to modeling the water vapor profile. In scheme I atmospheric water vapor is coupled to surface parameters, while in scheme II an explicit balance equation for water vapor in the individual atmospheric layers is used. For both models the combined effect of feedbacks due to variations in lapse rate, cloud cover, and cloud optical thickness results in different relationships between changes in surface temperature, planetary temperature, and cloud cover. Specifically, for a CO₂ doubling and a 2% increase in solar constant, in both models the surface warming is reduced by cloud feedback, in contrast to no feedback, with the greater reduction in scheme I as compared to that of scheme II.  相似文献   

Move a Tropical Cyclone with 4D-Var and Vortex Dynamical Initialization in WRF Model     

王挺  彭跃华  张邦林  梁卓轩  施伟来 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2021,27(3):191-200

Previous studies showed that 4 D-Var technique used for data assimilation could be modified for weather control. This study demonstrates the ability of 4 D-Var to influence the future path of a tropical cyclone by calculating perturbations in WRF simulation. Given the background error covariance matrix, the initial field is improved by the vortex dynamic initialization technique. Our results show that 4 D-Var can be applied to control the trajectory of simulated tropical cyclones by producing "optimal" perturbations. In the numerical simulation experiment of Typhoon Mitag in 2019, after this kind of weather control similar to data assimilation, the tropical cyclone moved obviously,and the damaging wind over the coastline weakened. The prediction results after the initial field modified by 4 D-Var have a great change, and the position of the tropical cyclone moved about 0.5° southeastward after assimilation,which misses the southeast coast of China. Moreover, the damaging wind is also weakened. Since the 4 D-Var is premised on the assumption that the model is perfect and does not consider the model error, then the research plan to consider model error and introduce new methods is discussed in the paper.  相似文献   

云计算环境下地震数据管理与服务应用研究     

李永红  周娜  赵国峰  王方建 《震灾防御技术》2015,10(S1):811-817

本文通过对云计算环境下海量地震数据存储业务需求的分析,构建了一种可扩展的、具备一定负载均衡能力的高性能云存储体系,并针对地震数据存储质量问题进行了测试与分析,给出了相应的实现方法和实施策略,并在搭建的云存储平台上,验证了云存储体系可扩展性及负载均衡等问题的可行性。  相似文献   

一次冰雹云演变过程的卫星遥感监测与分析   总被引：22，自引：7，他引：15  

张杰  李文莉  康凤琴  渠永兴  孙旭映 《高原气象》2004,23(6):758-763

针对2003年9月21日的一次区域性冰雹云强对流天气过程,结合天气实况、环流场特征和雷达资料,利用NOAA卫星数据,从天气分析、能量转换以及云在可见光、中红外波段的反射特性,分析了冰雹云的演变及特征。结果表明,伴随着大气能量的转换,当日青海湖以北的对流冷云单体在东移过程中,结合了西南部暖舌带来的暖湿气流,午后受地面增温出现了爆发性发展。(1)17：00云团发展最旺盛,云顶温度最低值达到-44℃,并确定冰雹发生的云顶温度临界值为-39．2℃,云顶亮温为221K;(2)冰雹云温度水平梯度介于20～35℃／50km之间,表现为有雹无灾的冰雹强度特征;(3)卫星数据表明,此时雹云与其它云团不同,具有粒子有效半径较大,气溶胶光学厚度也大的特点。  相似文献   

机载微波辐射计测云中液态水含量(Ⅱ):反演方法   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

江芳  魏重  雷恒池  金德镇  张景红  谷淑芳 《高原气象》2004,23(1):33-39

介绍了机载对空微波辐射计探测云中路径积分液态水含量(L)的辐射传输原理和反演方法;根据吉林省长春市的历史探空资料和典型的层状云液水垂直分布模式,得到该地区4～7月各月随高度而变化的反演公式系数的表达式,并给出了反演误差的数值模拟检验结果：在地面反演值对“真值”的统计相对偏差是15％～25％,在6km高度处为5％～10％,表明该方法已具有实用可接受的精度。此外,为减少由于回归样本中云液水廓线的“失真”给反演造成的误差,本文在对探空廓线作诊断建立云液水廓线时,引入了实际目测最低云底高的信息。数值模拟比较表明,该措施行之有效,使对流层中下层几乎所有高度上L反演值的精度提高了5％～20％,观测高度越低,精度提高的越多。  相似文献