Cloud Point Extraction for the Preconcentration of Silver and Palladium in Real Samples and Determination by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry     

Hossein Tavallali  Saeed Yazdandoust  Mozhdeh Yazdandoust 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2010,38(3):242-247

A cloud point extraction procedure is presented for the preconcentration and simultaneous determination of Ag⁺ and Pd²⁺ in various samples. After complexation with 2‐((2‐((1H‐benzo[d]imidazole‐2‐yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazol (BIMPI), which was used as a new chelating agent, analyte ions were quantitatively extracted to a phase rich in Triton X‐114 following centrifugation, and determination was carried out by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Under the optimum experimental conditions (i. e., pH = 7.0, 15.0·10^–5 mol/L BIMPI and 0.036% (w/v) Triton X‐114), calibration graphs were linear in the range of 28.0–430.0 μg/L and 57.0–720.0 μg/L with detection limits of 10.0 and 25.0 μg/L for Ag⁺ and Pd²⁺, respectively. The enrichment factors were 35.0 and 28.0 for Ag⁺ and Pd²⁺, respectively. The method has been successfully applied to evaluate these metals in some real samples, including waste water, soil and hydrogenation catalyst samples.  相似文献   

Biases in cometary catalogues and Planet X     

J. Horner  N. W. Evans 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2002,335(3):641-654

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Evolution of massive binary stars in the LMC and its implications for radio pulsar population     

N. Rathnasree  A. Ray 《Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy》1992,13(1):3-52

The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram of the Large Magellanic Cloud compiled recently by Fitzpatrick & Garmany (1990) shows that there are a number of supergiant stars immediately redward of the main sequence although theoretical models of massive stars with normal hydrogen abundance predict that the region 4.5 ≤ logT _eff ≤ 4.3 should be un-populated (“gap”). Supergiants having surface enrichment of helium acquired for example from a previous phase of accretion from a binary companion, however, evolve in a way so that the evolved models and observed data are consistent — an observation first made by Tuchman & Wheeler (1990). We compare the available optical data on OB supergiants with computed evolutionary tracks of massive stars of metallicity relevant to the LMC with and without helium-enriched envelopes and conclude that a large fraction (≈ 60 per cent) of supergiant stars may occur in binaries. As these less evolved binaries will later evolve into massive X-ray binaries, the observed number and orbital period distribution of the latter can constrain the evolutionary scenarios of the supergiant binaries. The distributions of post main sequence binaries and closely related systems like WR + O stars are bimodal-consisting of close and wide binaries in which the latter type is numerically dominating. When the primary star explodes as a supernova leaving behind a neutron star, the system receives a kick and in some cases can lead to runaway O-stars. We calculate the expected space velocity distribution for these systems. After the second supernova explosion, the binaries in most cases, will be disrupted leading to two runaway neutron stars. In between the two explosions, the first born neutron star’s spin evolution will be affected by accretion of mass from the companion star. We determine the steady-state spin and radio luminosity distributions of single pulsars born from the massive stars under some simple assumptions. Due to their great distance, only the brightest radio pulsars may be detected in a flux-limited survey of the LMC. A small but significant number of observable single radio pulsars arising out of the disrupted massive binaries may appear in the short spin period range. Most pulsars will have a low velocity of ejection and therefore may cluster around the OB associations in the LMC.  相似文献   

5、6月份西南低涡云系的云滴特征     

刘兴荣  李相会  卿清涛  晋玉田  陈国学 《成都信息工程学院学报》1992,(2)

本文根据飞机探测的云物理资料,分析西南低涡云系的云滴特征,并与切变云系的微结构特征作了对比分析。指出:西南涡云系和切变云系的平均谱都是单峰谱,两者的差异不大。两类系统自身的强、弱云系之间,在谱宽、平均滴直径、滴浓度及其分布等方面都存在明显的差别。  相似文献   

Becoming-forest, becoming-local: transformations of a protected area in Honduras     

Mark Bonta 《Geoforum》2005,36(1):95-112

Neotropical cloud forests have been locked away in protected areas that conservationists seek to fashion into spaces exclusively for “Nature,” but they often cannot do so because of the pressure of migrant agriculture, among other factors. The author documents the case of a protected area in Honduras that, while it fails to evolve into an idealized “conservation space,” nevertheless undergoes transformations until it becomes accepted by local actors as a space that provides protection for marginalized groups under threat from a hydroelectric project that seeks to dislodge them. A Deleuzian theoretical approach loosely drawing from complexity theory is utilized to explain the process whereby diverse and conflicting land-use spatialities come to embrace an alien and imposed national park and in the process ally with each other against a perceived greater threat from the outside. The author shows the transformative potentials of protected areas as allies, rather than enemies, of spatial justice movements currently confronting the challenges of “regional economic integration” initiatives such as the Central American Free Trade Agreement.  相似文献   

用双通道动态阈值对GMS-5图像进行自动云检测   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

刘希许健民  杜秉玉 《应用气象学报》2005,16(4):434-444

该文用双通道动态阈值法对GMS-5图像进行自动的云检测。在红外通道和可见光通道，分别对每32×32个像元组成的像元阵进行直方图统计，求出区别云和地物值域的阈值，然后对每个像元阵内的逐个像元进行云判识。讨论了在进行直方图分析以求取阈值的过程中，像元阵大小的选取和动态平滑间距的选取对云检测结果的影响。分析结果表明:像元阵大小取32×32时，像元阵所占的地域空间尺度足够小，像元阵内的观测像元样本数足够多，保证了在直方图聚类分析时，每一类含有足够多的样本；GMS-5观测图像的红外通道对原始直方图进行二次平滑时小平滑间距取1.6 K，可见光通道小平滑间距取1.2%，使得确定动态阈值时步长相对小，保证了分析的精度。用目视图像对分析结果进行真实性检验，在中低纬度地区，可见光和红外两个通道都有资料时，该算法的云判识精度较好。在高纬度地区，由于地表温度低，积雪覆盖多，太阳光照角低，该算法的云判识精度较差。  相似文献   

基于神经网络和分形纹理的夜间浓雾遥感监测技术   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

张顺谦  杨秀蓉 《应用气象学报》2005,16(6):804-809

利用地物光谱信息和图像纹理信息作为地物分类识别标志，将分形理论和BP神经网络应用于夜间浓雾的遥感监测，使夜间浓雾的监测精度明显提高。与传统最大似然法(MLC)比较，晴空地表、雾区、云区的识别精度均有提高，特别是云区的识别精度提高了10%，基于灰度连通域的灰度加权计盒维数图像纹理提取技术使云雾边界的提取更加合理，文章最后对类的归并作了讨论。  相似文献   

Adiabatic predictions and observations of cloud droplet spectral broadness     

Seong Soo Yum  James G. Hudson 《Atmospheric Research》2005,73(3-4):203-223

The evolution of cloud droplet size spectra is calculated using an adiabatic condensational growth model. Broadness (e.g., standard deviation of diameter) of cloud droplet spectra in adiabatic cloud parcels was determined to be critically dependent on cloud supersaturation. Although droplet spectra become narrower as growth continues, the rate of narrowing is slower when cloud supersaturation is lower. This actually leads to broader droplet spectra for more continental clouds or for weaker updrafts because both of these conditions are associated with lower cloud supersaturations. More continental type clouds, which have higher concentrations of smaller droplets, were indeed found to have larger dispersions (standard deviation of diameter/mean diameter of cloud droplets). Some of these results were consistent with observations, but the larger dispersions that were much more commonly observed for continental compared to maritime clouds were due almost exclusively to smaller droplets rather than broader droplet distributions. Contrary to the model calculations, typical observations show that cleaner clouds usually have broader droplet spectra. The gaps in magnitude between theory and observations of broadness are significant in all clouds. When cloud parcels that had ascended under different updraft conditions were compared at a constant cloud altitude, parcels with lower updrafts were predicted to have broader droplet spectra with larger mean diameters. This trend of apparent spectral broadening was consistent with observations for some near-adiabatic cloud parcels.  相似文献   

High resolution numerical weather prediction over the Indian subcontinent     

T. S. V. Vijaya Kumar  T. N. Krishnamurti 《Journal of Earth System Science》2006,115(5):529-555

In this study, the Florida State University Global Spectral Model (FSUGSM), in association with a high-resolution nested regional spectral model (FSUNRSM), is used for short-range weather forecasts over the Indian domain. Three-day forecasts for each day of August 1998 were performed using different versions of the FSUGSM and FSUNRSM and were compared with the observed fields (analysis) obtained from the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The impact of physical initialization (a procedure that assimilates observed rain rates into the model atmosphere through a set of reverse algorithms) on rainfall forecasts was examined in detail. A very high nowcasting skill for precipitation is obtained through the use of high-resolution physical initialization applied at the regional model level. Higher skills in wind and precipitation forecasts over the Indian summer monsoon region are achieved using this version of the regional model with physical initialization. A relatively new concept, called the ‘multimodel/multianalysis superensemble’ is described in this paper and is applied for the wind and precipitation forecasts over the Indian subcontinent. Large improvement in forecast skills of wind at 850 hPa level over the Indian subcontinent is shown possible through the use of the multimodel superensemble. The multianalysis superensemble approach that uses the latest satellite data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) has shown significant improvement in the skills of precipitation forecasts over the Indian monsoon region.  相似文献   

"06.7"郧西暴雨天气的成因分析     

王莉萍  孙超作  杜世晔 《湖北气象》2007,26(3):261-265

利用常规气象资料和卫星云图资料,采用天气学诊断方法,从大尺度环流背景、天气系统、物理量场、对流云团演变特征等方面,分析了2006年7月3～4日出现在湖北郧西的一次暴雨天气过程的成因。结果表明,此次暴雨是在副热带高压减弱东退形势下产生的;700 hPa和850 hPa的冷槽、切变线是此次强降水的主要影响系统,暴雨区位于700 hPa切变线右侧、850 hPa切变线附近;暴雨区上空存在明显正涡度柱,低层辐合与中高层辐散形成抽吸作用,为暴雨过程发生发展提供了动力条件;存在于孟加拉湾至我国西南地区的水汽通道为暴雨过程提供了必需的水汽;整个暴雨过程都伴随着中尺度对流云团的初生、发展、合并和减弱,降水主要由发展型对流云团造成。  相似文献