Variation Characteristics of Mercury in Speciation during Road Runoff for Different Rainfall Patterns     

XiaoJun Zuo  DaFang Fu  He Li 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2013,41(1):69-73

Mercury (Hg) concentration was investigated during 2010 based on road runoff from Nanjing Ring Highway, China. The emphasis was placed on impact of rainfall characteristics on Hg speciation concentration, and on variation characteristics of Hg speciation during road runoff for different rainfall patterns. Results indicated that average concentration of total mercury (THg) was in the range from 0.472 to 1.304 µg/L, and steady Hg (SHg) was the dominant form of Hg. Rainfall and average rainfall intensity were two important factors of determining Hg speciation concentrations during road runoff for different rainfall patterns. Rainfall pattern had significantly influence on variation of available Hg and dissolved Hg during road runoff, and on their proportions in THg. However, the proportion of SHg in THg was not obviously affected by rainfall pattern. On the other hand, toxic degree of Hg to soil environment is various for different rainfall patterns, based on Hg speciation variation.  相似文献   

Co‐composting of Municipal Solid Waste with Sawdust: Improving Compost Quality     

Javad Yousefi  Habibollah Younesi  Seyed Mahmoud Ghasempoury 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2013,41(2):185-194

The aim of present study was to improve compost quality as well as to achieve an optimum C/N ratio in compost, reduction in heavy metal content and increased water‐holding capacity of composting piles in arid areas. Four windrow compost piles were prepared by mixing sawdust at various dosages with municipal solid waste (MSW). The sawdust was mixed with MSW at 0% (MSW0), 16% (MSW16), 32% (MSW32), and 70% (MSW70) on dry weight basis. The compost piles were monitored daily by recording the temperature, while, weekly measurement was done on C/N ratio, moisture, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC). The addition of 16% sawdust increased the initial C/N to the optimum level and decreased N loss during the composting process. The MSW16 and MSW32 exhibited better temperature dynamics and their composting period seemed to be shorter than that of MSW0 and MSW70. Moreover, addition of sawdust caused lowering of moisture loss from the composting piles. Sawdust admixtures also produced lowering of pH and EC values and led to lower heavy metal content in final products. The quality of the final compost makes it possible to propose the use of this experimental procedure for building up a novel mass reduction of the initial composted waste mixtures.  相似文献   

Development of Bench‐Scale Bio‐Packed Column for Wastewater Treatment from Optical Emission Spectrometry     

Kuppusamy Vijayaraghavan  Elvagris Segovia 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2013,41(11):1093-1099

An eco‐friendly and inexpensive technique for wastewater treatment originated from inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES) is presented within this paper. The proposed process comprised of loading waste crab shells in packed column for adsorption of heavy metal ions, followed by desorption using 0.01 M HCl. An exhaustive physical and chemical characterization of ICP‐OES wastewater revealed the complex nature of effluent, including the presence of 15 different metals and metalloid under strong acidic condition (pH 1.3). Based on the preliminary batch experiments, it was identified that solution pH played a major role in metal sequestration by crab shell with pH 3.5 identified as optimum pH. Rapid metal biosorption kinetics along with complete desorption and subsequent reuse for three cycles was possible with crab shell‐based treatment process. Continuous flow‐through column experiments confirmed the high performance of crab shell towards multiple metal ions with the column able to operate for 22 h at a flow rate of 10 mL/min before outlet concentration of arsenic reached 0.25 times of its inlet concentration. Other metal ions such as Cu, Cd, Co, Cr, Pb, Ni, Zn, Mn, Al, and Fe were only in trace levels in the treated water until 22 h. The performance of the treatment process was compared with trade effluent discharge standards, and the process flow diagram along with cost analysis was suggested.  相似文献   

Spatial distribution of heavy metals in Hong Kong's marine sediments and their human impacts: a GIS-based chemometric approach   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Zhou F  Guo H  Hao Z 《Marine pollution bulletin》2007,54(9):1372-1384

A geographic information system (GIS)-based chemometric approach was applied to investigate the spatial distribution patterns of heavy metals in marine sediments and to identify spatial human impacts on global and local scales. Twelve metals (Zn, V, Ni, Mn, Pb, Cu, Cd, Ba, Hg, Fe, Cr and Al) were surveyed twice annually at 59 sites in Hong Kong from 1998 to 2004. Cluster analysis classified the entire coastal area into three areas on a global scale, representing different pollution levels. Backward discriminant analysis, with 84.5% correct assignments, identified Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd, V, and Fe as significant variables affecting spatial variation on a local scale. Enrichment factors indicated that Cu, Cr, and Zn were derived from human impacts while Al, Ba, Mn, V and Fe originated from rock weathering. Principal component analysis further subdivided human impacts and their affected areas in each area, explaining 87%, 84% and 87% of the total variances, respectively. The primary anthropogenic sources in the three areas were (i) anti-fouling paint and domestic sewage; (ii) surface runoff, wastewater, vehicle emissions and marine transportation; and (iii) ship repainting, dental clinics, electronic/chemical industries and leaded fuel, respectively. Moreover, GIS-based spatial analysis facilitated chemometric methods.  相似文献   

Heavy metals in surface sediments from nine estuaries along the coast of Bohai Bay,Northern China     

《Marine pollution bulletin》2014,83(1-2):194-200

Concentrations of heavy metals in river water and sediment were investigated in nine estuaries along the coast of Bohai Bay, Northern China. Multivariate statistical techniques such as principal component analysis and cluster analysis, in combination with metal concentration analysis and correlation analysis, were used to identify the possible sources of the metals and the pollution pattern in nine estuaries along the coast of Bohai Bay. The environmental risks of metals, evaluated by sediment quality guidelines and background values, revealed Hg contamination in the estuaries. However, levels of Cd in estuarine sediments were low, and they were less than those levels in river sediments, partly due to the high mobility and dilution of river or seawater. Cd did not contribute to sediment deposits in estuaries. High organic matter from effluents from large municipal sewage treatment plants was predominantly responsible for restricting Hg mobility from the river to Bohai Bay.  相似文献   

Heavy metal concentrations and biomarkers of oxidative stress in native mussels (Mytilus edulis chilensis) from Beagle Channel coast (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina)     

Duarte CA  Giarratano E  Amin OA  Comoglio LI 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(8):1895-1904

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of oxidative stress biomarkers of pollution in native mussels Mytilus edulis chilensis from the Beagle Channel. Spatial and seasonal variations of catalase, glutathione-S-transferase and lipid peroxidation in gills and digestive gland were analyzed in relation to environmental parameters, heavy metals in sediment and in tissue. Four sites with anthropogenic impact and a control site were selected and monitored during the four seasons of 2007. We found significant differences among sites in concentrations of dissolved nutrients and heavy metals in sediments, with the highest values recorded at sites with anthropogenic pressure. Different patterns were observed between concentrations of metals in tissues and in sediments suggesting differences in bioavailability. There were also significant differences in biomarker responses among sites, despite the strong seasonal variability. Our results showed relatively moderate levels of pollution in the study area as a result of urban influences.  相似文献   

华北南部一次回流暴雪天气的诊断分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

田秀霞  宋晓辉  程序  董占强  李菊香  聂振岭 《辽宁气象》2011,(1):35-39

利用常规观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,对发生在华北南部的一次回流暴雪天气过程进行了动力、热力等诊断分析。结果表明：该回流暴雪天气属于华北回流中的两槽一脊型,导致这次强降雪的影响系统是高空急流、西来槽、低涡切变和低空急流,东北冷空气起到了触发作用。最大降水出现在南北风转换阶段,当东北风完全控制低层,降水结束。高空辐散和低层辐合相叠置及高空正涡度的下传,有强降水的产生,但上升运动中心较低。降雪前的增暖增湿与低层冷空气的楔入使华北南部位于θse能量锋区和水汽辐合区内,有利于强降雪的产生。回流天气的水汽主要来自于南方,低层东北冷空气也有间接输送水汽作用。  相似文献   

2001-2010年辽宁区域性暴雨阶段性特征     

公颖  陈力强  隋明 《辽宁气象》2011,(6):14-19

利用辽宁自动气象站逐小时降水资料和1。X1。NCEP资料,对200l-2010年汛期共25次辽宁暴雨过程进行分析,以期得到暴雨过程时间分布特征和典型影响系统。结果表明：25次辽宁暴雨过程中有7次为阶段性暴雨即两段持续性暴雨过程中间有明显的降水减弱与天气系统转换,占总数的28％;辽宁暴雨过程高层（以200hPa为代表）主要影响系统为高空急漉,中层（以500hPa为代表）主要影响系统92％为高空槽（其中57％为高空槽与副热带高压共同影响）,低层（以850hPa为代表）诱发系统88％为气旋（或倒槽）顶部（或东部）切变线、12％为鞍形场切变。阶段性暴雨过程两阶段的高中层影响系统基本一致,高层影响系统均为高空急流,中层多为副热带高压和高空槽的共同影响、少数仅受高空槽影响,在低层,阶段性暴雨过程均伴随着低层要素场（特别是风场）的调整,导致低层天气系统的转换或强度的变化,低层要素场的调整阶段即为阶段性强降水的间歇期;阶段性暴雨过程在天气系统的配置及时段长度方面无明显特征,即在暴雨过程发生初期,从这两方面均无法判断该暴雨过程是否将发展为阶段性暴雨。25次辽宁暴雨过程中,丹东本溪地区17次降水有陡增现象,这与丹东、本溪地区处于长白山东南部和丹东地区东南侧临海有密切关系。  相似文献   

Monitoring of heavy metals in wild mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the Spanish North-Atlantic coast     

Victoria Besada  José Manuel Andrade 《Continental Shelf Research》2011,31(5):457-465

Concentrations of five heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn) were determined in tissues of wild mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) collected at 41 stations located on the Spanish Atlantic and Northern coasts to assess the levels and spatial distribution of metals in the environment. This study, performed in 2005, constituted a contribution to the last international OSPAR pollution monitoring survey. A pool of mussel soft tissue was prepared using 50 or more individuals, representing the size range present at the sampling points. Quantification was carried out after a nitric acid digestion by atomic absorption spectrometry, AAS (Cd and Pb by electrothermal AAS; Cu and Zn by flame AAS; and total mercury by the cold vapour technique). The quality of the chemical analyses was assessed by interlaboratory exercises carried out on a regular basis. In general, the levels of the metals were higher for the Northern region than for the Atlantic one (except for a sampling site close to Vigo, one of the main Galician industrial areas). Some Galician sampling points (Atlantic coast, NW of Spain) located far from human inputs showed high Cd concentrations, which were attributed to the annual upwelling processes in this region. The levels of Cu increased from Northwest to East, whereas Zn concentrations were very homogeneous throughout the two studied geographical regions. These results were confirmed using multivariate studies (PCA and cluster analysis), as well as international ‘background assessment concentrations’ criteria.  相似文献   

Paddy soil — A suitable target for monitoring heavy metal pollution by magnetic proxies     

H.T. Yan  S.Y. Hu  U. Blaha  W. Rösler  X.M. Duan  E. Appel 《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2011,75(2):211-219

A preliminary magnetic study around Meishan steel mill in Nanjing (SE China) was carried out combining geochemical analysis with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to prove that paddy soil can be a suitable target for environmental study on heavy metal pollution. Magnetic background investigation showed a strong variation in this area due to different land uses and soil types. Magnetic susceptibilities (MS) measured on forest soils are much higher than in paddy fields, and values below 20 cm of the soil surface in forest with parent material of Xiashu loess are several times higher than in paddy soil with parent material of fluvisol. Measurements on vertical profiles show that paddy soil has a very low and stable magnetic background with mass-specific MS around 15 × 10^{− 8} m³ kg^{− 1}. A strong enhancement of MS values is found in the upper ~ 20 cm of paddy soil predominated by multidomain and pseudo single domain magnetite. However, relatively low S-ratios (0.57 to 0.85) reveal a significant contribution of imperfect anti-ferromagnetic minerals. Detailed research on a paddy soil core at site C719 near the steel mill indicates strong correlation between magnetic mineral concentration-related parameters (χ, ARM, SIRM) and heavy metal concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn. In addition, typical anthropogenic Fe-spherules are detected in top paddy soil by means of SEM, which indicates that the increase of susceptibility in upper soil is mainly caused by steel mill emission. Mapping of MS in paddy fields across the steel mill area shows a decrease of MS with the distance to the major emission zone. Positive correlation between χ and Zn is found by measuring surface soil samples around the steel mill. Because of low background and high homogeneity of the ~ 20 cm uppermost mixing layer paddy fields are especially suitable for magnetic surface mapping of heavy metal pollution.  相似文献